Concentration of air-borne microorganisms in sport facilities

ArticleThis paper is focused on the microclimatic research in several buildings and ro oms used for sport at the University. The attention is paid mainly to the problems of dimensions of space, capacity and activity of sportsmen, and influence of space ventilation. The air samples for microbiological analyses were taken by the microbial air sampler Merck Mas - 100 Eco and cultivated by potato - dextrose agar and nutrient agar. Captured microorganisms, are expressed as colony forming units per m 3 (CFU m - 3 ). Measurement results showed that bacteria average quantity was statistically significantly less without students (562 CFU m - 3 ) than with students (1,024 CFU m - 3 ). The students inside the rooms increased the bacteria concentration. From this point of view th e ventilation is not adequate for the removal of bacteria from ventilated spaces. From the results we can conclude that the great importance on the air quality in terms of a specific bacteria concentration has the specific volume of the room per one athlet e. The worst situation is in rooms with the smallest volume, which has the largest biological load of the space. The lowest quantity of bacteria was in the swimming pool all year round (152 to 300 CFU m - 3 ). The opposite situation was in average quantity of filamentous fungi, which was with students and ventilation (57 CFU m - 3 ) and without students but without ventilation (109 CFU m - 3 ). The pollution of air by fungi was higher without ventilation

4-Octyl itaconate reduces influenza A replication by targeting the nuclear export protein CRM1

In recent years, especially since the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic, the cell-permeable itaconate derivative 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI) has gained traction as a potential antiviral agent. Here, we demonstrate that 4-OI inhibits replication of multiple influenza A viruses (IAV) by restricting nuclear export of viral ribonucleoproteins, a key step in the IAV replication cycle. This nuclear retention is achieved by deactivation and subsequent degradation of chromosomal maintenance 1 protein (CRM1), also known as exportin 1 (XPO1), a host cell protein exploited by IAV during replication. 4-OI-mediated deactivation of CRM1 resulted in the accumulation of the IAV nucleoprotein, the Rev protein of feline immunodeficiency virus, as well as the natural CRM1 cargos p53 and p65, in the nucleus of treated cells. Further mechanism of action studies revealed that, similar to known CRM1 inhibitors, 4-OI modifies a key cysteine in the cargo binding pocket of CRM1 at position 528 through an alkylation reaction called 2,3-dicarboxypropylation. Subsequent studies in a cell line in which the cysteine at position 528 in CRM1 protein was substituted by a serine confirmed that modification of this residue was indeed the cause for the observed inhibitory effect induced by 4-OI on CRM1 function. Overall, this study demonstrated a mechanism through which 4-OI directly interferes with the replication cycle of CRM1-dependent viruses, which contributes to the understanding of the antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties of this multifaceted immuno-metabolite. IMPORTANCE Itaconate derivates, as well as the naturally produced metabolite, have been proposed as antivirals against influenza virus. Here, the mechanism behind the antiviral effects of exogenous 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI), a derivative of itaconate, against the influenza A virus replication is demonstrated. The data indicate that 4-OI targets the cysteine at position 528 of the CRM1 protein, resulting in inhibition of the nuclear export of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes in a similar manner as previously described for other selective inhibitors of nuclear export. These results postulate a mechanism not observed before for this immuno-metabolite derivative. This knowledge is helpful for the development of derivatives of 4-OI as potential antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapeutics.</p

Crop rotation and soil fertility

Published June 1923. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo

Soils of Chehalis series and their utilization

Published May 1932. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo

The "Red Hill" soils of western Oregon and their utilization

Published June 1932. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo

Soils of Willamette series and their utilization

Published December 1928. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo

Application of integrated transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic profiling for the delineation of mechanisms of drug induced cell stress

International audience; High content omic techniques in combination with stable human in vitro cell culture systems have the potential to improve on current pre-clinical safety regimes by providing detailed mechanistic information of altered cellular processes. Here we investigated the added benefit of integrating transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics together with pharmacokinetics for drug testing regimes. Cultured human renal epithelial cells (RPTEC/TERT1) were exposed to the nephrotoxin Cyclosporine A (CsA) at therapeutic and supratherapeutic concentrations for 14 days. CsA was quantified in supernatants and cellular lysates by LC-MS/MS for kinetic modeling. There was a rapid cellular uptake and accumulation of CsA, with a non-linear relationship between intracellular and applied concentrations. CsA at 15 µM induced mitochondrial disturbances and activation of the Nrf2-oxidative-damage and the unfolded protein-response pathways. All three omic streams provided complementary information, especially pertaining to Nrf2 and ATF4 activation. No stress induction was detected with 5 µM CsA; however, both concentrations resulted in a maximal secretion of cyclophilin B. The study demonstrates for the first time that CsA-induced stress is not directly linked to its primary pharmacology. In addition we demonstrate the power of integrated omics for the elucidation of signaling cascades brought about by compound induced cell stress