Liberated Paintings

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Recent Federal Case Spotlights School’s Concussion Protocol

High school football players are nearly twice as likely to sustain a concussion as college players, according to a recent study by the Institute of Medicine and funded by the NFL. As such, it’s important for schools to have concussion protocols for student-athletes injured during play. A recent case, Mann v. Palmerton Area School District, 117 LRP 40825 (3d Cir. 09/21/17), highlights the importance of having school concussion management and prevention policies in place for student-athletes. After a football player in Pennsylvania demonstrated concussion-like symptoms following a hard hit during practice in November 2011, his coach took him out of practice. Returning to practice on the same day, after being hit hard again, the coach removed him, and he was eventually diagnosed with a traumatic brain injury. Although the 3d Circuit found that the coach in this case was entitled to qualified immunity because the player lacked a clearly defined constitutional right to be protected from further harm when his injury occurred in 2011, it held that such a right does exist. Therefore, it observed, “a state actor violates this right when the injured student-athlete is required to be exposed to a risk of harm by continuing to practice or compete.” This article suggests a range of policies that schools should address

Concussions and Student Sports: A \u27Silent Epidemic\u27

An issue that has gained attention concerns concussions among student–athletes in elementary and secondary schools. In fact, in light of the “silent epidemic” of concussions among student–athletes, in the six month period ending in August of 2011, the number of states that enacted statutes on concussion management jumped from eleven to thirty–one and the list of jurisdictions with laws in place continues to grow. Based on the significance of concussion management, the remainder of this article is divided into two sections. The first part of the article examines the background on concussions while the second offers recommendations for concussion management and prevention. The article ends with a brief conclusion

\u3ci\u3eCorrigendum\u3c/i\u3e (Russo et al. 2007): A Re-Analysis of Growth–Size Scaling Relationships of Woody Plant Species

Russo et al. (2007) tested two predictions of the Metabolic Ecology Model (Enquist et al. 1999, 2000) using a data set of 56 tree species in New Zealand: (i) the rate of growth in tree diameter (dD/dt) should be related to tree diameter (D) as dD/dt = βDα and (ii) tree height (H) should scale with tree diameter as H(D) = γDδ, where t is time, β and γ are scaling coefficients that may vary between species, and α and δ are invariant scaling exponents predicted to equal 1/3 and 2/3, respectively (Enquist et al. 1999, 2000). To this end, Russo et al. (2007) used maximum likelihood methods to estimate α and δ and their two-unit likelihood support intervals. As noted in our original manuscript, the growth–diameter scaling exponent and coefficient covary, complicating the estimation of confidence intervals. We now recognize that the method we used to estimate support intervals (using marginal support intervals with the nuisance parameters fixed) underestimates the breadth of the interval and that the support intervals, properly estimated, should account for the variability in all parameters (Hilborn & Mangel 1997). This can be done in several ways. For example, the Hessian matrix can be used to estimate the standard deviation for each parameter, assuming asymptotic normality. Alternatively, one can systematically vary the parameter for which the interval is being estimated, re-estimate the Maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) for the other parameters, and take the support interval to be the values of the target parameter that result in log likelihoods that are two units away from the maximum (Edwards 1992; Hilborn & Mangel 1997). A third and more direct approach to comparing data with prediction is to use the likelihood ratio test (LRT), which explicitly tests if a model with a greater number of parameters provides a significantly better fit to the data than a simpler model in which some parameters are fixed at predicted values (Hilborn & Mangel 1997; Bolker in press). Here, we re-analyze our data using LRTs, present a table revising Tables 1 and 2 from Russo et al. (2007), and reevaluate whether there is statistical support for the predictions of the Metabolic Ecology Model that we tested in Russo et al. (2007). We used LRTs to test, respectively, whether a model in which a,or d, was estimated at its MLE had a significantly greater likelihood than did a model with α = 1/3, or δ = 2/3, for the growth–diameter and height–diameter scaling relationships

Temporalities in the study of mobility

The relationship between humans, their landscapes, and the natural environment is complex and underlies mutual non-material and material fluxes. Especially challenging is the attempt to reconstruct this relationship in order to understand the role and relevance of Space and Knowledge of Ancient Civilizations, the core theme of the cluster of excellence Exc 264 Topoi, funded from 2007–2019. In this book we present the results of an attempt to use a system-oriented concept of social ecology as tool for interdisciplinary collaboration and integrative research on aspects of human-environmental relationship. In six different interdisciplinary projects the developed social ecological model is applied and critically discussed

Notes for a Political Ecology of Non-Sedentary People

The research group Political Ecology of Non-Sedentary Communities encompasses three research projects examining archaeological remains from various time periods in the Nile Delta, the foothills of the Kopet Dag and in the steppe region of western Eurasia; a fourth project in the group consists of climate and ecological modeling for Europe over the past 6000 years. The researchers in this group are investigating processes and dynamics which played out in different geographic spaces and different chronological periods between 9000 and 300 BCE. We propose a triad of three terms, Umgebung, Umwelt, and Mitwelt to serve as a conceptual basis for all of these projects, which vary greatly in terms of the chronological period, location and the way of life of the populations under study, as well as with respect to the archaeological database. The projects can be described on the basis of evidence of multifaceted practical actions. These actions on the part of the populations under study, revealed only fragmentarily in the archaeological record, are being investigated using the research strategies presented here. The strategies have been developed from the discussion on political ecology associated with discourses in the social sciences and humanities