Endemic and Emerging Acute Virus Infections in Indonesia: An Overview of The Past Decade and Implications for The Future

Being the largest archipelago country in the world, with a tropical climate and a unique flora and fauna, Indonesia habitats one of the most diverse biome in the world. These characteristics make Indonesia a popular travel destination, with tourism numbers increasing yearly. These characteristics also facilitate the transmission of zoonosis and provide ideal living and breading circumstances for arthropods, known vectors for viral diseases. A review of the past 10 years of literature, reports of the Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia and ProMED-mail shows a significant increase in dengue infection incidence. Furthermore, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis and rabies are proven to be endemic in Indonesia. The combination of cohort studies, governmental data and ProMED-mail reveals an integrated overview for those working in travel medicine and public health, focusing on both endemic and emerging acute virus infections. This review summarizes the epidemiology of acute virus infections in Indonesia, including outbreak reports, as well as public health response measurements and their potential or efficacy. Knowledge about human behaviour, animal reservoirs, climate factors, environment and their role in emerging virus infection are discussed. We aim to support public health authorities and health care policy makers in a One Health approach

Endemic and emerging acute virus infections in Indonesia: an overview of the past decade and implications for the future

Being the largest archipelago country in the world, with a tropical climate and a unique flora and fauna, Indonesia habitats one of the most diverse biome in the world. These characteristics make Indonesia a popular travel destination, with tourism numbers increasing yearly. These characteristics also facilitate the transmission of zoonosis and provide ideal living and breading circumstances for arthropods, known vectors for viral diseases. A review of the past 10 years of literature, reports of the Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia and ProMED-mail shows a significant increase in dengue infection incidence. Furthermore, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis and rabies are proven to be endemic in Indonesia. The combination of cohort studies, governmental data and ProMED-mail reveals an integrated overview for those working in travel medicine and public health, focusing on both endemic and emerging acute virus infections. This review summarizes the epidemiology of acute virus infections in Indonesia, including outbreak reports, as well as public health response measurements and their potential or efficacy. Knowledge about human behavio

Puzzling Clinical Appearance of a Pancreatic Tuberculosis Case

Tuberculosis (TB) is generally known as an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Not only the lungs, TB can also infect various other organs. Pancreatic TB is a rare manifestation of extrapulmonary TB infection accounting for only 0-4.7% of the total TB cases worldwide. It’s still intricating for clinicians to diagnose pancreatic TB due to the extremely rare prevalence and non-specific clinical signs and symptoms. Herein we report a 71-year-old male patient complaining of jaundice and weight loss. Clinical condition, laboratory and tumor markers, also MRI imaging showed no abnormality. We made the diagnosis through histopathological examination of tissues extracted from bypass biliodigestive procedure, showing granulomas, along with confirmed bacteriological analysis with Ziehl Nelsen staining. This patient received Fixed Drug Combination (FDC) of anti-tuberculosis therapy for 6 months. The patient gained weight, had an improvement of serum bilirubin level and had no remaining lesion in abdominal CT scan

Hepatitis

vii, 107 hlm.; 29 hl

Point-of-care thrombocyte function testing using multiple-electrode aggregometry in dengue patients: an explorative study

BACKGROUND: Dengue virus (DENV) causes the hospitalisation of an estimated 500,000 people every year. Outbreaks can severely stress healthcare systems, especially in rural settings. It is difficult to discriminate patients who need to be hospitalized from those that do not. Earlier work identified thrombocyte count and subsequent function as a promising prognostic marker of DENV severity. Herein, we investigated the potential of quantitative thrombocyte function tests in those

High prevalence of HIV-1 CRF01_AE viruses among female commercial sex workers residing in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) cause serious health problems and have an impact on the Indonesian economy. In addition, the rapid epidemic growth of HIV is continuing in Indonesia. Commercial sex plays a significant role in the spread of HIV; therefore, in order to reveal the current HIV prevalence rate among commercial sex workers (CSWs), we conducted an epidemiological study on HIV infection among CSWs residing in Surabaya, the capital of East Java province of Indonesia with large communities of CSWs.The prevalence of HIV infection among 200 CSWs was studied. In addition, the subtype of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and the prevalence of other blood-borne viruses, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and GB virus C (GBV-C), were studied. The prevalence rates of HIV, hepatitis B core antibody, hepatitis B surface antigen, anti-HCV antibodies and anti-GBV-C antibodies were 11%, 64%, 4%, 0.5% and 0% among CSWs involved in this study, respectively. HIV-1 CRF01_AE viral gene fragments were detected in most HIV-positive samples. In addition, most CSWs showed low awareness of sexually transmitted diseases and had unprotected sex with their clients.The HIV prevalence rate among CSWs was significantly higher than that among the general population in Indonesia (0.2-0.4%). In addition, CSWs were at a high risk of exposure to HBV, although chronic HBV infection was less frequently established. Our results suggest the necessity of efficient prevention programs for HIV and other blood-borne viral infections among CSWs in Surabaya, Indonesia

Sero-prevalence of HBsAg, anti-HBc Ab, anti-HCV Ab and anti-GBV-C Ab among CSWs residing in Surabaya.^*

<p>*Plasma sample was tested for HBsAg, anti-HBc Ab, anti-HCV Ab and anti-GBV-C Ab using commertially available diagnostic kits.</p><p>**Plasma sample was tested for anti-HIV antibodies using a rapid diagnostic kit, and was then tested using 2 additional diagnostic kits to confirm the diagnosis of HIV infection.</p><p>***The sero-prevalence rate (%) among a group of CSWs indicated is shown in parentheses.</p

Viral subtype and CRF detected in the blood samples of HIV-1-positive CSWs.^*

<p>*HIV-1 <i>pol</i> and <i>env</i> genes were amplified and subjected to sequencing analysis.</p><p>Viral subtyping was carried out using the Recombinant Identification Program (RIP).</p><p>**HIV-1 <i>env</i> gene failed to be amplified; therefore, viral subtyping was not carried out.</p