Extraction vs. Non-Extraction: Comparing Orthodontic Root Resorption

Introduction: Orthodontically induced apical root resorption (OIARR) can be a risk to orthodontic treatment. Advancements in imaging warrant further investigation into potential causes and solutions are worthwhile. Purpose: This study compared incidence and severity of OIARR in incisors during orthodontic treatment with and without bicuspid extractions. Materials and Methods: This study included 63 patients (504 teeth). DICOM CBCT images were imported into OsiriX MD software (version 10.0.3) for tooth length measurements from coronal and sagittal views in all incisors and incisal angulation for central incisors. Difference in tooth length from incisal edge to root apex from pre-treatment and post-treatment measurements determined OIARR. Mann-Whitney U and Friedman’s analyses compared OIARR and incisal angulation changes. Spearman Rho coefficients expressed correlations between OIARR and age, treatment duration, incisal angulation change, and extraction timing. An ANOVA test determined changes in OIARR based on gender or ethnicity. All analyses were performed at α = 0.05. Results: Mean OIARR in extraction patients (0.16 ± 0.08 mm) was statistically significantly greater than in non-extraction patients (0.09 ± 0.06 mm) [p \u3c .05] for coronal and sagittal views. There were no statistically significant differences in OIARR between coronal and sagittal views (p \u3e .05). There was a statistically significant difference (p \u3c .05) for incisal angulation change for all central incisors between groups. Age, treatment time, and extraction timing exhibited no statistically significant correlation with OIARR (p \u3e .05). There was no statistically significant change to OIARR with gender or ethnicity (p \u3e .05). Incisal angulation change showed a statistically significant correlation to OIARR for the extraction group (p.05). Conclusions: The study demonstrated extraction of four premolars during orthodontics resulted in a statistically significant increase in root resorption compared to treatment without extractions. Positive incisal angulation change accompanies non-extraction treatment and negative incisal angulation change accompanies extraction treatment. Resorption and angulation change are correlated in the extraction group, but not in the non-extraction group. No correlation was observed between OIARR and age, treatment duration, or extraction timing. Gender and ethnicity demonstrated no significant effect on OIARR

Eikonoi of God: A Christ-Pneuma Interpretation of Humanity

Jesus asks his disciples, “Who do you say that I am?” There is no single Christology that can provide satisfaction for the multitude of answers to Jesus’ question; the history of the church is a history of different questions, motivated by different circumstances. However, the goal remains consistent: finding a way of understanding God and God’s action in history. This paper uses two tasks that emerge from this theological discourse through the lens of Eastern Orthodoxy. The first task is finding an answer to Jesus’ question in light of revelation that Christ Jesus is both truly human and truly divine, thus ultimately finding out what it means to be human. The second, which is inherently connected to the first, is developing an appropriate paradigm of soteriology – where does Jesus’ identity fit into the ordo salutis? Both tasks will cumulate into a Eucharistic perspective of God’s mission; what can one say about the mission of God in light of salvation? Finding an answer to who is Jesus is also discovering what it means to be truly human, striving for the likeness of Christ, and then going out into the world as a community for the community

A standard ERG response, and a study of the B-wave changes of blurred retinal images

A standard ERG response, and a study of the B-wave changes of blurred retinal image

The Effects of Prolonged Strenuous Exercise on Salivary Secretion of IgA Subclasses in Men

Low levels of secretary IgA (sIgA) have been associated with recurrent upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). Saliva contains approximately 60% sIgA1 and 40% sIgA2 in normal adults. Because sIgA1 is more susceptible to proteases degradation produced b

The Effects of High Element the Pamper Pole Jump on Anxiety State and Oral Immunity

The Pamper Pole jump has long been recognized as stressful challenge and appears to easily induce fear and anxiety, which may activate sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and may subsequently influence oral immunity. The a

An Impossibility Theorem for Base Rate Tracking and Equalised Odds

There is a theorem that shows that it is impossible for an algorithm to jointly satisfy the statistical fairness criteria of Calibration and Equalised Odds non-trivially. But what about the recently advocated alternative to Calibration, Base Rate Tracking? Here, we show that Base Rate Tracking is strictly weaker than Calibration, and then take up the question of whether it is possible to jointly satisfy Base Rate Tracking and Equalised Odds in non-trivial scenarios. We show that it is not, thereby establishing an even more general impossibility theorem

Novel strains of a pandemic plant virus, tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus, increase vector fitness and modulate virus transmission in a resistant host

Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) is one of the most successful pandemic agricultural pathogens transmitted by several species of thrips in a persistent propagative manner. Current management strategies for TSWV heavily rely on growing single-gene resistant cultivars of tomato (“Sw-5b” gene) and pepper (“Tsw” gene) deployed worldwide. However, the emergence of resistance-breaking strains (RB) in recent years has compounded the threat of TSWV to agricultural production worldwide. Despite this, an extensive study on the thrips transmission biology of RB strains is currently lacking. It is also unclear whether mutualistic TSWV-thrips interactions vary across different novel strains with disparate geographical origins. To address both critical questions, we studied whether and how four novel RB strains of TSWV (two sympatric and two allopatric), along with a non-RB strain, impact western flower thrips (WFT) fitness and whether this leads to differences in TSWV incidence, symptom severity (virulence), and virus accumulation in two differentially resistant tomato cultivars. Our findings show that all RB strains increased WFT fitness by prolonging the adult period and increasing fecundity compared to non-RB and non-viruliferous controls, regardless of the geographical origin of strains or the TSWV titers in individual thrips, which were substantially low in allopatric strains. TSWV accumulation in thrips varied at different developmental stages and was unrelated to the infected tissues from which thrips acquired the virus. However, it was significantly positively correlated to that in WFT-inoculated susceptible plants, but not the resistant ones. The TSW incidences were high in tomato plants infected with all RB strains, ranging from 80% to 90% and 100% in resistant and susceptible plants, respectively. However, TSW incidence in the non-RB-infected susceptible tomato plants was 80%. Our findings provide new insights into how novel strains of TSWV, by selectively offering substantial fitness benefits to vectors, modulate transmission and gain a potential epidemiological advantage over non-RB strains. This study presents the first direct evidence of how vector-imposed selection pressure, besides the one imposed by resistant cultivars, may contribute to the worldwide emergence of RB strains