Oleic acid catalytic oxidation under ultrasound by ruthenium tetroxide : valorization of pelargonic acid for the selective precipitation of metallic cations

Les substances renouvelables constituent une source importante de matières premières notamment pour l'industrie chimique dans le cadre d'un développement durable. A ce titre, nous nous sommes intéressés à la coupure oxydante de l'acide oléique (constituant principal des huiles de colza et de tournesol) par le catalyseur RuO4 en s'affranchissant de solvants chlorés. Cette réaction d'oxydation conduit aux acides azélaïque et pélargonique qui trouvent des applications industrielles comme polymères, lubrifiants... Les propriétés biologiques de l'acide azélaïque en font aussi un principe actif à plus forte valeur ajoutée en dermatologie et cosmétique. Nous avons donc cherché une autre voie de valorisation pour l'acide pélargonique : précipiter sélectivement des cations métalliques contenus dans des effluents liquides industriels. Le clivage oxydant de l'acide oléique est réalisé par le système catalytique 2,2% RuCl3 / 4,1eq. NaIO4 associé à un émulsifiant (2% Aliquat® 336) et à une irradiation ultrasonique. Un plan d’expérience a permis de déterminer le mélange de solvant optimal H2O/MeCN (1/1) conduisant en 30 minutes au clivage de l’acide oléique ainsi qu'à des rendements en acide azélaïque de 81% et en acide pélargonique de 97%. Ce système a été étendu avec succès à d'autres oléfines et l'étude du ratio ruthénium/oléfine de 1/50 à 1/2000 a été effectuée. De plus, nous avons montré que l'oxydation de l'acide oléique par RuO4 peut être menée dans l'eau uniquement et qu'en présence d'acétate d'éthyle, un troisième produit d'oxydation partielle est obtenu : l'acide 9,10-dioxostéarique. Le pélargonate de sodium a été étudié comme réactif de précipitation sélective de cations métalliques divalents (Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn). Des mesures de solubilité ont montré que de nombreuses séparations sont théoriquement possibles. Certaines ont pu être validées par l'expérience et conduisent à des précipités M(C9)2 dont la pureté est supérieure à 99,9%, ce qui devrait permettre leurs valorisations futuresRenewable raw materials are increasingly important mainly for industrial chemistry in order to allow a sustainable development. Consequently, we decided to study the oxidative cleavage of oleic acid (the main fatty acid of rapeseed and sunflower oils) with RuO4 catalyst without chloride solvents. This oxidation reaction leads to azelaic and pelargonic acids which have industrial applications in polymers, lubricants… Biological properties of azelaic acid made it a higher value-added active principle in dermatology and cosmetics. We decided to search another valorization way for pelargonic acid: selective precipitation of metallic cations included in wastewater. The oleic acid oxidative cleavage is performed by a catalytic system 2.2% RuCl3 / 4.1eq. NaIO4 associated with an emulsifier (2% Aliquat® 336) and an ultrasonic irradiation. A design of experiments allowed the determination of the optimal solvent mixture H2O/MeCN (1/1) which led in 30 minutes to the oleic acid cleavage and yields of azelaic and pelargonic acids of 81% and 97%. This system was extended successfully to other olefins and the study of ruthenium/olefin ratio was performed from 1/50 to 1/2000. Moreover, we showed that oleic acid oxidation with RuO4 can be carried out only in water and with ethyl acetate, a third product of the partial oxidation is obtained : 9,10-dioxostearic acid. Sodium pelargonate was studied as a selective precipitant for divalent metallic cations (Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn). Solubility measurements showed that many separations are possible theoretically. Some of them have been demonstrated experimentally and led to M(C9)2 precipitates with a higher purity (> 99.9%). So these cakes can be used for further applicatio

Chemical synthesis and biochemical properties of cholestane-5α,6β-diol-3-sulfonate: A non-hydrolysable analogue of cholestane-5α,6β-diol-3β-sulfate

International audienceCholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol (CT) is a primary metabolite of 5,6-epoxycholesterols (5,6-EC) that is catalyzed by the cholesterol-5,6-epoxide hydrolase (ChEH). CT is a well-known biomarker for Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC), a progressive inherited neurodegenerative disease. On the other hand, CT is known to be metabolized by the 11β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase of type 2 (11β-HSD2) into a tumor promoter named oncosterone that stimulates the growth of breast cancer tumors. Sulfation is a major metabolic transformation leading to the production of sulfated oxysterols. The production of cholestane-5α,6β-diol-3β-O-sulfate (CDS) has been reported in breast cancer cells. However, no data related to CDS biological properties have been reported so far. These studies have been hampered because sulfate esters of sterols and steroids are rapidly hydrolyzed by steroid sulfatase to give free steroids and sterols. In order to get insight into the biological properties of CDS, we report herein the synthesis and the characterization of cholestane-5α,6β-diol-3β-sulfonate (CDSN), a non-hydrolysable analogue of CDS. We show that CDSN is a potent inhibitor of 11β-HSD2 that blocks oncosterone production on cell lysate. The inhibition of oncosterone biosynthesis of a whole cell assay was observed but results from the blockage by CDSN of the uptake of CT in MCF-7 cells. While CDSN inhibits MCF-7 cell proliferation, we found that it potentiates the cytotoxic activity of post-lanosterol cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors such as tamoxifen and PBPE. This effect was associated with an increase of free sterols accumulation and the appearance of giant multilamellar bodies, a structural feature reminiscent of Type C Niemann-Pick disease cells and consistent with a possible inhibition by CDSN of NPC1. Altogether, our data showed that CDSN is biologically active and that it is a valuable tool to study the biological properties of CDS and more specifically its impact on immunity and viral infection

Sources of 7-ketocholesterol, metabolism and inactivation strategies: food and biomedical applications

Graphical abstract Abstract 7-Ketocholesterol (or 7-oxocholesterol) is an oxysterol essentially formed by cholesterol autoxidation. It is often found at enhanced levels in the body fluids and/or target tissues of patients with age-related diseases (cardiovascular, neuronal, and ocular diseases) as well as in subjects concerned with civilization diseases (type 2 diabetes, bowel diseases, and metabolic syndrome). The involvement of increased 7-ketocholesterol levels in the pathophysiology of these diseases is widely suspected. Indeed, 7-ketocholesterol at elevated concentrations is a powerful inducer of oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular degeneration which are common features of all these diseases. It is important to better know the origin of 7-ketocholesterol (diet, incidence of environmental factors, and endogenous formation (autoxidation and enzymatic synthesis)) and its inactivation mechanisms which include esterification, sulfation, oxidation, and reduction. This knowledge will make it possible to act at different levels to regulate 7-ketocholesterol level and counteract its toxicity in order to limit the incidence of diseases associated with this oxysterol. These different points as well as food and biomedical applications are addressed in this review