Managing risk and uncertainty in systematic conservation planning with insufficient information

This research was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and by the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University. RKR was supported by an Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Research Award (DE210100492). JRR was supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT200100096) .1. Recent advances in systematic conservation planning make use of modern portfolio theory - a framework to construct and select optimal allocation of assets - to address the challenges posed by climate change uncertainty. However, these methods are difficult to implement for fine scale conservation planning when the information on future climate scenarios is insufficient. Insufficient information makes the estimators of the key inputs in the optimisation procedure unreliable leading to technical problems for the construction of optimal asset allocation. 2. We identify three statistical methods - Constant Correlation Model, the Ledoit-Wolf approach and the weighted non-negative least-squares approach - that can overcome the lack of sufficient information and enable the use of modern portfolio theory for fine scale conservation planning. 3. We illustrate the use of the three methods for identifying efficient portfolio allocation strategies, i.e. strategies that give minimum amount of risk for a chosen level of return or maximum return for a chosen level of risk, using case studies of wetland conservation planning in North America and coastal conservation planning in Australia. We compare conservation planning strategies with complete information using standard portfolio theory and with insufficient information using the three methods to highlight their advantages and disadvantages. We find the Ledoit-Wolf and weighted non-negative least-squares approaches perform well and can identify risk-return out-comes that are close to those identified with complete information. 4. The methods presented in this study broaden the range of cases where the application of modern portfolio theory is possible in conservation planning to enhance its uptake and lead to more efficient allocation of conservation resources.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Degradation and forgone removals increase the carbon impact of intact forest loss by 626%

Intact tropical forests, free from substantial anthropogenic influence, store and sequester large amounts of atmospheric carbon but are currently neglected in international climate policy. We show that between 2000 and 2013, direct clearance of intact tropical forest areas accounted for 3.2% of gross carbon emissions from all deforestation across the pantropics. However, full carbon accounting requires the consideration of forgone carbon sequestration, selective logging, edge effects, and defaunation. When these factors were considered, the net carbon impact resulting from intact tropical forest loss between 2000 and 2013 increased by a factor of 6 (626%), from 0.34 (0.37 to 0.21) to 2.12 (2.85 to 1.00) petagrams of carbon (equivalent to approximately 2 years of global land use change emissions). The climate mitigation value of conserving the 549 million ha of tropical forest that remains intact is therefore significant but will soon dwindle if their rate of loss continues to accelerate

Prevalensi, Alasan dan Jenis Obat yang Digunakan Self Medication akibat Nyeri Gigi oleh Mahasiswa Aktif S1 Fakultas Non Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Background: Tooth pain is a disease that is often experienced by people in Indonesia. Generally caused by stimulation of temperature, chemical, mechanical, as well as stimuli from within the patient's body, namely an imbalance of organisms in the oral cavity. Patients with tooth pain take ways to relieve the pain they cause, one of which is self medication. Self medication is the act of taking medication at home with the initiative of the individual or information from others, which is done without a doctor's prescription. Objective: To determine the prevalence, reasons, and types of drugs used for self-medication due to tooth pain in active undergraduate students from the non-health faculty of the University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Methods: Observational descriptive research during June 2022.The subjects of this study were active undergraduate students from the non-health faculty of the University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Those who filled out the questionnaire were 301 respondents. Results: 32.2% of respondents took self medication due to tooth pain. The reason behind self medication is due to tooth pain, 42.5% of respondents because the dentist's facilities are far away and 40.5% of respondents feel that they don't have time to go to the dentist. 69.4% of respondents took drugs without a doctor's prescription. The drugs were obtained by 28.6% of respondents from drug stores and 26.9% from supermarkets or minimarkets. The majority of the types of drugs used at the time were analgesic drugs,namely cataflam (28.2%) and mefenamic acid (25.3%). Conclusion: The prevalence of students taking self medication is quite high (32.2%). There is no time and facilities for dentists that are far away, which is the reason why students take self medication when they have tooth pain. The majority of the types of drugs consumed are usually analgesics because they have a function as a pain reliever. Most of the drugs consumed are obtained from drug stores

Hubungan Abses Orofasial dengan Kenaikan Kadar Gula Darah (Hiperglikemia) pada Pasien di RSGM Soelastri Surakarta

Background: Orofacial abscess is a form of infection caused by aerobic or anaerobic bacteria that initially infects superficial tissue then penetrates into deeper tissues and continue to the facial and neck spaces along with the pus formation. Inflammation that goes along with orofacial abscess causes changes in body metabolism specifically insulin. The inflammation of orofacial abscess can increase insulin resistance which can increase blood glucose levels. Glucose level more than 140mg/dl is hyperglycemia. Objective: determine whether there is a correlation between orofacial abscess with an increase of blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). Methode: The type of research used is observational analytic with retrospective approach and the selected sampling technique is total sampling that suitable with inclusion criteria. This study uses secondary data that is medical records of orofacial abscess patients of RSGM Soelastri Surakarta within January 2019-May 2022 periode. The data were analyzed by chi-square statistical test with 2x2 chi-square table. Result: Chi-square statistical test shows the p value is 0,001 which means < 0,005, its indicate that there is a significant correlation between orofacial abscess and increase blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). The OR value from the analysis was 7,778, which means that orofacial abscess in patient with systemic condition increased the risk of hyperglycemia 7,778 times greater than patients without systemic condition at RSGM Soelastri Surakarta. Conclusion: that there is significant correlation between abscess orofacial and an increase of blood glucose levels

Pengaruh Aromaterapi Sereh Wangi (Cymbopogon Nardus) Inhalasi Terhadap Penurunan Tekanan Darah Pasien Sebelum Ekstraksi Gigi di RSGM Soelastri UMS

Backgorund : Tooth extraction is one of the most common dental procedures to cause anxiety in patients Excessive dental anxiety can have negative effects on patients. One of them causes an increasing in patien’s blood pressure and makes the work of the cardiovascular system become more severe. The number of negative effects of dental anxiety, it is necessary to handle dental anxiety appropriately. One of them by inhaling citronella aromatherapy. The components of Geraniol and citronellol in citronella aromatherapy are believed to play a role in reducing blood pressure. Aim : To investigate the effect of inhalation citronella aromatherapy on 2 reduction of patien’s blood pressure before tooth extraction. Method : The design of this research was pre-experimental design using one group pre-test and post-test. Population of the study was patients who were going to extract their teeth at Soelastri Dental Hospital. The number of sample is 10 patients using purposive sampling design. Independent variable was citronella aromatherapy and Dependent variable was reduction blood pressure. The research data was analysed using pair t test. Result : Research results obtained that before inhaling citronella aromatherapy the average blood pressure that is 125/82 mmHg. After inhaling citronella aromatherapy the average blood pressure is 118/79 mmHg. The result of paired- sample t test obtained p=0,000 (p<0.05) in systolic and diastolic blood pressure which meant there was an effect of citronella aromatherapy on reduction of blood pressure. Conclusion : There was effect of citronella aromatherapy inhalation on reduction of patiens’s blood pressure before dental extraction. Keywords : Tooth Extraction, Blood Pressure, Citronella Aromatherapy, Inhalatio

Perbandingan Efektivitas Natrium Diklofenak dan Deksametason dalam Mengurangi Pembengkakan Pasca Odontektomi:Literature Review

Background: The odontectomy procedure is an act of taking impacted teeth with a procedure that can cause inflammation due to trauma that occurs in soft and hard tissues during surgical procedures. One of the important events in the process of inflammation is the presence of inflammatory mediators that occur through the process of forming arachidonic acid, which occurs when tissue is injured. The release of these inflammatory mediators can cause signs of inflammation, one of which is swelling. Administration of anti-inflammatory drugs such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroid anti-inflammatory drugs is an effective strategy used to control post-odontectomy swelling. Purpose: This literature review aims to compare the effectiveness of diclofenac sodium and dexamethasone in reducing post-odontectomy swelling. Discussion: The use of diclofenac sodium and dexamethasone can reduce post-odontectomy swelling because both drugs have a way of working to activate the formation of inflammatory mediators, but dexamethasone has a longer duration of action with a wider range of action in reducing post-odontectomy swelling. Conclusion: Dexamethasone is more effective in reducing post-odontectomy swelling than diclofenac sodium

Kajian Kekurangan dan Kelebihan Anestesi Blok Mandibula Direct Technique dan Indirect Technique pada Onset, Durasi, dan Intensitas Nyeri:Literature Review

Background: Local anesthesia is as loss of sensation in a circumscribed area of the body caused by depression of excitation in nerve endings or inhibition of the conduction process in peripheral nerves. Local anesthetics in dentistry are indicated for various procedures that can cause pain. The most widely used local anesthetic for restorative and surgical procedures in the mandibule is the inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) technique which consists of a direct technique and an indirect technique. The IANB direct and indirect techniques are to provide good effectiveness, such as: a fast onset of action, no irritation or excessive pain on injection, and a long duration of action. Objective: To determine the advantages and disadvantages of direct and indirect mandibular block anesthesia in terms of onset, duration, and intensity of pain. Method: The design used is a literature review, the data is secondary data collected using a search engine Science Direct, Pubmed, Ebsco Host, and Google Scholar. The criteria used are articles published in 2010-2020. Results: Based on the articles collected, the results showed that the onset of the IANB direct technique is between 30 to 170 seconds and IANB indirect technique is 90 to 270 seconds, the duration of the IANB direct technique is 90-260 minutes, the IANB indirect technique has a duration of 60-194 minutes, and there is no difference pain intensity between the IANB direct technique and the indirect technique, whereas pain caused by the injection of the two techniques is mild pain with a percentage of 38% to 54%. Conclusion: The direct mandibular block anesthesia technique has advantages over the indirect technique in terms of onset and duration. The intensity of pain caused by the direct and indirect technique of IANB injection showed no significant difference

Perbandingan Pemberian Edukasi Pasca Operasi Odontektomi secara Auditori dan Visual terhadap Tingkat Pemahaman Pasien Odontektomi di RSGM Soelastri

Background: Impacted teeth are teeth that cannot fully erupt in the dental arch. Removal of impacted teeth is a surgical procedure. Odontectomy is a method of removing the tooth from its socket after creating a flap and reducing the portion of bone surrounding the tooth. Providing education after odontectomy treatment is very important to avoid complications after tooth extraction and to help the wound healing process. There are several methods in conveying information or education, namely by auditory and visual. The auditory method emphasizes the sense of hearing to be able to understand and remember information. The visual method of receiving information is received through sight. Purpose: To find out the comparison of the level of understanding of patients after odontectomy surgery between the provision of auditory and visual education at RSGM Soelastri. Methods: This research is a quantitative research with an experimental design used, namely a quasi-experimental design using a one group posttest-only design. The data used by researchers are the results of distributing questionnaires to odontectomy patients at RSGM Soelastri for the period May-July 2023. Results: The Sig.(2-tailed) value was 0.036 <0.05 which means that there was a significant difference between the level of understanding of patients who were given post-odontectomy education using the auditory method and patients who were given post-odontectomy education using the visual method. Conclusion: There is a difference in the patient's level of understanding between providing education with the auditory method and providing education with the visual method

Pengaruh Aromaterapi Kenanga (Cananga Odorata) Inhalasi Terhadap Penurunan Tingkat Kecemasan Pasien Sebelum Ekstraksi Gigi Ditinjau Dari MDAS (Modified Dental Anxiety Scale) (Penelitian di RSGM Soelastri UMS Surakarta)

Latar Belakang: Ekstraksi gigi merupakan tindakan kuratif yang dilakukan oleh dokter gigi yang umum dapat menyebabkan kecemasan. Kecemasan dapat menimbulkan efek negatif pada proses perawatan gigi. Salah satu cara untuk menangani kecemasan adalah dengan pemberian aromaterapi. Aromaterapi kenanga (Cananga odorata) adalah salah satu aromaterapi yang diketahui mampu menurunkan kecamasan. Pengukuran tingkat kecemasan dental dapat dilakukan dengan skala kuisioner, salah satunya menggunakan MDAS (Modified Dental Anxiety Scale) yang singkat dan mudah diaplikasikan. Tujuan Penelitian: Mengetahui pengaruh aromaterapi kenanga dengan metode inhalasi dalam menurunkan kecemasan pasien sebelum dilakukan tindakan ekstraksi gigi di RSGM Soelastri UMS. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan one group pretest-posttest dengan pengukuran kecemasan menggunakan kuisioner MDAS sebelum dan sesudah pemberian aromaterapi kenanga secara inhalasi selama 20 menit. Perlakuan diberikan pada responden yang akan dilakukan tindakan ekstraksi gigi dengan total 10 responden. Hasil: Hasil penelitian didapatkan penurunan tingkat kategori kecemasan MDAS, serta hasil uji analisis data menggunakan uji Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test diperoleh nilai signifikansi 0,025 dimana p<0,05. Kesimpulan: Terdapat pengaruh aromaterapi kenanga (Cananga odorata) inhalasi dalam menurunkan tingkat kecemasan pasien sebelum ekstraksi ditinjau dari Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS)