Degradation and forgone removals increase the carbon impact of intact forest loss by 626%

Intact tropical forests, free from substantial anthropogenic influence, store and sequester large amounts of atmospheric carbon but are currently neglected in international climate policy. We show that between 2000 and 2013, direct clearance of intact tropical forest areas accounted for 3.2% of gross carbon emissions from all deforestation across the pantropics. However, full carbon accounting requires the consideration of forgone carbon sequestration, selective logging, edge effects, and defaunation. When these factors were considered, the net carbon impact resulting from intact tropical forest loss between 2000 and 2013 increased by a factor of 6 (626%), from 0.34 (0.37 to 0.21) to 2.12 (2.85 to 1.00) petagrams of carbon (equivalent to approximately 2 years of global land use change emissions). The climate mitigation value of conserving the 549 million ha of tropical forest that remains intact is therefore significant but will soon dwindle if their rate of loss continues to accelerate

Risk‐sensitive planning for conserving coral reefs under rapid climate change

Coral reef ecosystems are seriously threatened by changing conditions in the ocean. Although many factors are implicated, climate change has emerged as a dominant and rapidly growing threat. Developing a long‐term strategic plan for the conservation of coral reefs is urgently needed yet is complicated by significant uncertainty associated with climate change impacts on coral reef ecosystems. We use Modern Portfolio Theory to identify coral reef locations globally that, in the absence of other impacts, are likely to have a heightened chance of surviving projected climate changes relative to other reefs. Long‐term planning that is robust to uncertainty in future conditions provides an objective and transparent framework for guiding conservation action and strategic investment. These locations constitute important opportunities for novel conservation investments to secure less vulnerable yet well‐connected coral reefs that may, in turn, help to repopulate degraded areas in the event that the climate has stabilized

POST-EXTRACTION HEMORRHAGE: ASSESSING HYPERTENSION AS A RISK FACTOR IN DENTAL EXTRACTIONS

Background: Tooth extraction, a frequently performed dental procedure, typically culminates in hemostasis within several hours post-operatively. Hypertensive individuals exhibit a propensity for protracted bleeding following surgical interventions. This investigation seeks to assess prolonged bleeding after dental extraction in hypertensive patients. The study aims to determine whether elevated blood pressure is the sole etiological factor in prolonged bleeding or if other confounding variables are implicated. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at Wates Public Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from October 2024 to February 2025. Consecutive sampling was used in this study. All research subjects were patients at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic of the RSUD Wates who underwent closed-method extraction using local anesthesia. Patients were separated into two groups, normal and hypertension. Seventy-four patients have been involved in this research, based on inclusive and exclusive criteria. Confounding factors which could influenced blood pressure were controlled statistically.Outcome: Findings indicate that increased mean arterial pressure may extend bleeding time after extraction (p < .001). Conclusion: Elevated mean arterial pressure may prolong bleeding following tooth extraction. Furthermore, several confounding factors, including patients’ pharmacotherapy, localized inflammation resulting from periodontal disease in hypertensive individuals, and adverse patient behaviors after extraction, should be taken into consideration

Managing risk and uncertainty in systematic conservation planning with insufficient information

This research was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and by the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University. RKR was supported by an Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Research Award (DE210100492). JRR was supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT200100096) .1. Recent advances in systematic conservation planning make use of modern portfolio theory - a framework to construct and select optimal allocation of assets - to address the challenges posed by climate change uncertainty. However, these methods are difficult to implement for fine scale conservation planning when the information on future climate scenarios is insufficient. Insufficient information makes the estimators of the key inputs in the optimisation procedure unreliable leading to technical problems for the construction of optimal asset allocation. 2. We identify three statistical methods - Constant Correlation Model, the Ledoit-Wolf approach and the weighted non-negative least-squares approach - that can overcome the lack of sufficient information and enable the use of modern portfolio theory for fine scale conservation planning. 3. We illustrate the use of the three methods for identifying efficient portfolio allocation strategies, i.e. strategies that give minimum amount of risk for a chosen level of return or maximum return for a chosen level of risk, using case studies of wetland conservation planning in North America and coastal conservation planning in Australia. We compare conservation planning strategies with complete information using standard portfolio theory and with insufficient information using the three methods to highlight their advantages and disadvantages. We find the Ledoit-Wolf and weighted non-negative least-squares approaches perform well and can identify risk-return out-comes that are close to those identified with complete information. 4. The methods presented in this study broaden the range of cases where the application of modern portfolio theory is possible in conservation planning to enhance its uptake and lead to more efficient allocation of conservation resources.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

LEVEL OF EDUCATION ON COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR IN THE KATINGAN RIVER BASIN

This study aims to analyze the impact of education levels on environmental behavior among communities in the Katingan Watershed (DAS Katingan). The findings reveal that education levels play an important role in shaping environmental behavior, although their contribution is relatively small compared to other factors. Respondent data analysis indicates that the majority of the population has a secondary education level (high school), with occupational distribution dominated by the agricultural sector (27%), while most residential locations are situated along riverbanks (75.2%). Higher levels of education have the potential to increase environmental awareness; however, the low coefficient of determination (R² = 3.6%) suggests that education accounts for only a small portion of the variation in environmental behavior. Other factors, such as attitudes, access to environmental management facilities, government policies, and socio-economic conditions, exert a greater influence. This study concludes that a holistic, community-based approach, enhanced infrastructure access, and supportive policies are essential to fostering better environmental behavior. These findings provide a foundation for developing environmental education programs that are relevant to local needs, particularly in the agricultural sector and natural resource management.&nbsp

Vulnerability to fuel price increases in the UK: A household level analysis

In highly motorised countries, some sectors of the population own and use cars despite struggling to afford their running costs, and so may be particularly vulnerable to motor fuel prices increases, whether market-led or policy-driven. This paper proposes a novel, disaggregated approach to investigating vulnerability to such increases at the household level. We propose a set of indicators of ‘car-related economic stress’ (CRES), based on individual household level expenditure data for the UK, to identify which low-income households spend disproportionately on running motor vehicles, and to assess the depth of their economic stress. By subsequently linking the dataset to local fuel price data, we are able to model the disaggregated price elasticities of car fuel demand. This provides us with an indicator of each households’ adaptive capacity to fuel price increases. The findings show that ‘Low-Income, High Cost’ households (LIHC) account for 9% of UK households and have distinct socio-demographic characteristics. Interestingly, they are characterised by very low responses to fuel price increases, which may cause them to compromise on other important areas of their household expenditures. Simulations suggest that a 20% increase in fuel prices would substantially increase the depth, but not the incidence of CRES. Overall, the study sheds light on a sector of the population with high levels of vulnerability to fuel price increases, owing to high exposure, high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity. This raises challenges for social, environmental and resilience policy in the transport sector

Prevalensi, Alasan dan Jenis Obat yang Digunakan Self Medication akibat Nyeri Gigi oleh Mahasiswa Aktif S1 Fakultas Non Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Background: Tooth pain is a disease that is often experienced by people in Indonesia. Generally caused by stimulation of temperature, chemical, mechanical, as well as stimuli from within the patient's body, namely an imbalance of organisms in the oral cavity. Patients with tooth pain take ways to relieve the pain they cause, one of which is self medication. Self medication is the act of taking medication at home with the initiative of the individual or information from others, which is done without a doctor's prescription. Objective: To determine the prevalence, reasons, and types of drugs used for self-medication due to tooth pain in active undergraduate students from the non-health faculty of the University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Methods: Observational descriptive research during June 2022.The subjects of this study were active undergraduate students from the non-health faculty of the University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Those who filled out the questionnaire were 301 respondents. Results: 32.2% of respondents took self medication due to tooth pain. The reason behind self medication is due to tooth pain, 42.5% of respondents because the dentist's facilities are far away and 40.5% of respondents feel that they don't have time to go to the dentist. 69.4% of respondents took drugs without a doctor's prescription. The drugs were obtained by 28.6% of respondents from drug stores and 26.9% from supermarkets or minimarkets. The majority of the types of drugs used at the time were analgesic drugs,namely cataflam (28.2%) and mefenamic acid (25.3%). Conclusion: The prevalence of students taking self medication is quite high (32.2%). There is no time and facilities for dentists that are far away, which is the reason why students take self medication when they have tooth pain. The majority of the types of drugs consumed are usually analgesics because they have a function as a pain reliever. Most of the drugs consumed are obtained from drug stores

Kajian Kekurangan dan Kelebihan Anestesi Blok Mandibula Direct Technique dan Indirect Technique pada Onset, Durasi, dan Intensitas Nyeri:Literature Review

Background: Local anesthesia is as loss of sensation in a circumscribed area of the body caused by depression of excitation in nerve endings or inhibition of the conduction process in peripheral nerves. Local anesthetics in dentistry are indicated for various procedures that can cause pain. The most widely used local anesthetic for restorative and surgical procedures in the mandibule is the inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) technique which consists of a direct technique and an indirect technique. The IANB direct and indirect techniques are to provide good effectiveness, such as: a fast onset of action, no irritation or excessive pain on injection, and a long duration of action. Objective: To determine the advantages and disadvantages of direct and indirect mandibular block anesthesia in terms of onset, duration, and intensity of pain. Method: The design used is a literature review, the data is secondary data collected using a search engine Science Direct, Pubmed, Ebsco Host, and Google Scholar. The criteria used are articles published in 2010-2020. Results: Based on the articles collected, the results showed that the onset of the IANB direct technique is between 30 to 170 seconds and IANB indirect technique is 90 to 270 seconds, the duration of the IANB direct technique is 90-260 minutes, the IANB indirect technique has a duration of 60-194 minutes, and there is no difference pain intensity between the IANB direct technique and the indirect technique, whereas pain caused by the injection of the two techniques is mild pain with a percentage of 38% to 54%. Conclusion: The direct mandibular block anesthesia technique has advantages over the indirect technique in terms of onset and duration. The intensity of pain caused by the direct and indirect technique of IANB injection showed no significant difference

Hubungan Abses Orofasial dengan Kenaikan Kadar Gula Darah (Hiperglikemia) pada Pasien di RSGM Soelastri Surakarta

Background: Orofacial abscess is a form of infection caused by aerobic or anaerobic bacteria that initially infects superficial tissue then penetrates into deeper tissues and continue to the facial and neck spaces along with the pus formation. Inflammation that goes along with orofacial abscess causes changes in body metabolism specifically insulin. The inflammation of orofacial abscess can increase insulin resistance which can increase blood glucose levels. Glucose level more than 140mg/dl is hyperglycemia. Objective: determine whether there is a correlation between orofacial abscess with an increase of blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). Methode: The type of research used is observational analytic with retrospective approach and the selected sampling technique is total sampling that suitable with inclusion criteria. This study uses secondary data that is medical records of orofacial abscess patients of RSGM Soelastri Surakarta within January 2019-May 2022 periode. The data were analyzed by chi-square statistical test with 2x2 chi-square table. Result: Chi-square statistical test shows the p value is 0,001 which means < 0,005, its indicate that there is a significant correlation between orofacial abscess and increase blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). The OR value from the analysis was 7,778, which means that orofacial abscess in patient with systemic condition increased the risk of hyperglycemia 7,778 times greater than patients without systemic condition at RSGM Soelastri Surakarta. Conclusion: that there is significant correlation between abscess orofacial and an increase of blood glucose levels