Z badań nad rolnictwem społecznie zrównoważonym (15)

Seria: Program Wieloletni 2011-2014. Konkurencyjność Polskiej Gospodarki Żywnościowej w Warunkach Globalizacji i Integracji Europejskiej; nr 50Bilans węgla i emisji gazów cieplarnianych (dwutlenku węgla, metanu i podtlenku azotu) w polskim rolnictwie. Rolnictwo ekologiczne w Polsce - stan i perspektywa. Czynniki kształtujące poziom zrównoważenia gospodarstw rolnych. Uwarunkowania i czynniki rozwoju rolnictwa zrównoważonego.Kamila Sobieck

TYPES AND STRUCTURE OF BUDGET SUPPORT INSTRUMENTS FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS IN THE SCOPE OF CAP

The aim of the article is to identify the types and structures of applied instruments of financial support for agricultural producers from the budget support in the scope of CAP, justify the aims of financially supporting agricultural producers as well as analyse the structure of this support by incorporating various CAP instruments in the years 2014-2020. Analyses were conducted on the basis of data from the European Court of Auditors for particular EU countries. On the basis of averaged data for this period, it was established that the basic instrument of budget support for agricultural producers are direct payments (BPS or SAPS depending on the EU country). The second most significant instrument is payments for “greening”. Other support instruments are of lesser significance, though continue to play an important social and economic role. In the scope of CAP, there are discrepancies between both the significance and structure of particular budget support instruments for agricultural producers

Zróżnicowanie wsparcia budżetowego gospodarstw rolnych w krajach Unii Europejskiej

The current policy of external financial support households undoubtedly exert a positive influence on agricultural incomes in the EU. This effect was varied due to the different levels of financial support. Recent changes in the common agricultural policy caused the reduction of subsidies dedicated to income support, while the part of support aimed to offset additional costs occurring on farms was increased (additional costs related to the expansion of their services for the benefit of the environment and other public goods). This direction of changes weakens the role of subsidies in the development of agricultural income, but still most of the financing is directed to farms for the purpose of stabilizing their income. In consideration of possible liquidation or significant reduction of external financial support from the budget should keep in mind the consequences for the development of the agricultural income

PROBLEM OCENY POZIOMU DOCHODÓW ROLNICZYCH W UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ

Celem opracowania jest wskazanie problemów stosowania różnych sposobów pomiaru wysokości dochodów rolniczych i wynikających stąd ocen. Stosowany w UE sposób pomiaru dochodów rolników jest niedoskonały. Koncepcja pomiaru dochodów gospodarstw rolnych jest krytykowana. Wskazuje się m.in. na brak statystyk dotyczących dochodów gospodarstw rolnych, w tym zarówno pochodzących z gospodarstwa rolnego, jak i dochodów osiąganych ze źródeł pozarolniczych. Wspólna polityka rolna dąży do zapewnienia odpowiedniego poziomu życia ludności wiejskiej, a więc właściwego poziomu dochodu rozporządzalnego w gospodarstwie rolnym. Problematyczna staje się odpowiedź na pytanie, co to jest właściwy poziom. W dużym stopniu decyduje o tym poziom społecznej wydajności pracy w rolnictwie i odniesienie dochodów osiąganych w rolnictwie do dochodów osiąganych poza nim przez grupy zawodowe o podobnym poziomie wydajności pracy. Tylko w takim stanie ma sens odwoływanie się do potrzeby zapewnienia parytetu dochodowego w rolnictwie i poza nim

DILEMMAS OF MEASURING AND EVALUATING INCOME IN AGRICULTURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

The aim of the article is to outline problems related to the measurement and assessment of income in European Union agriculture. Research shows that measuring agricultural income, as well as assessing differences in income between EU countries are a matter of many doubts. They not only result from problems of a methodical nature, but also from specific solutions of a cultural nature (e.g. sale of a successor farm or free family transfer). The methodology used to determine income in agriculture currently used in the European Union only takes income resulting from agricultural production and the processing of agricultural products as well as other activities directly related to agricultural production into account. Other sources of farmer income are ignored. This applies, for example, to remuneration for work outside the farm, social allowances and revenues from the lease or rental of property resources. Thus, the methodology used to determine the income of persons related to agriculture prevents or at least hinders the full assessment of the income situation of farmers in the EU and in individual countries, including Poland. The current way of measuring farmer income causes certain economic and social repercussions and is often criticized. The conclusion is that there is a need to improve the methodology of measuring income in agriculture

Kierunki i skala zmian dochodów rolniczych w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2005-2014

The article attempts to assess changes in the level of agricultural incomes per full-time working person in the European Union in general and in individual Member States. Previous studies have confirmed a significant role of agricultural incomes in shaping the productive behaviors of agricultural producers. Studies suggest that farmers’ incomes are dependent on many factors, not just the market. An increasing impact on their formation is agricultural policy and political factors. The study confirmed the occurrence of variability of income. They have also shown that under the same external (non-European) conditions, different countries have different directions and scale of changes in the income of the rural population. This means that in the same year in some countries, this revenue increase, in other fell. In most of the Member States, including Poland, in the years 2005-2014 was observed positive long-term trends shaping the agricultural income per full-time working person in agriculture

Future role of agriculture in multifunctional development of rural areas

In the paper the changes in agriculture in terms of falling share of agriculture in gross domestic product and decrease in the share of persons employed in agriculture in total employment in Poland and selected countries are discussed.The main driver of these changes is a faster pace of development of non-agricultural activities and continually deteriorating relations between the costs of production factors and prices of agricultural products. The rate of growth in labor costs and prices of the means of production for agriculture is much faster than the rate of increase in prices of agricultural products.This causes the decline in profitability of agricultural production which increases the size of farms. The pace is dependent on the level of economic development of the country. The study also identified trends in the structure of farms, functions and systems of agriculture in the generational perspective. The polarization of the farms will deepen.A strong group of commodity farms and a group of so-called self – subsistence social farms will emerge. Agriculture in Poland will have a dual nature. In addition to the production function and social services agriculture will expand the scope of service functions for the environment and society

FUTURE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN MULTIFUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS

In the paper the changes in agriculture in terms of falling share of agriculture in gross domestic product and decrease in the share of persons employed in agriculture in total employment in Poland and selected countries are discussed. The main driver of these changes is a faster pace of development of non-agricultural activities and continually deteriorating relations between the costs of production factors and prices of agricultural products. The rate of growth in labor costs and prices of the means of production for agriculture is much faster than the rate of increase in prices of agricultural products. This causes the decline in profitability of agricultural production which increases the size of farms. The pace is dependent on the level of economic development of the country. The study also identified trends in the structure of farms, functions and systems of agriculture in the generational perspective. The polarization of the farms will deepen. A strong group of commodity farms and a group of so-called self – subsistence social farms will emerge. Agriculture in Poland will have a dual nature. In addition to the production function and social services agriculture will expand the scope of service functions for the environment and society

CZYNNIKI DETERMINUJĄCE POSTRZEGANIE PRODUKTÓW ROLNYCH

The research aimed to identify the factors most strongly determine consumers’ perception of agricultural products. The study was conducted using an online questionnaire made available on the most popular social networking site in Poland (Facebook) in groups of residents of the 16 voivodships of Poland. The survey verified the importance of the respondents’ beliefs about the modernity of agriculture, organic farming, and farmers’ presence in social media perception of agricultural products. Research has shown that in the perception of the quality of agricultural products, their ecological character, nutritional value, and availability of information on the course of the production process are of particular importance. The respondents’ interests in the system of production processes focused mainly on the welfare of farm animals and the impact of agricultural activity on the natural environment. Socially responsible, ecological agriculture, which is present in social media, was combined with modernity. The research also revealed the potential of social media as a direct sales channel for agricultural products. Respondents also found social media an effective marketing tool for agricultural product

Future role of agriculture in multifunctional development of rural areas

In the paper the changes in agriculture in terms of falling share of agriculture in gross domestic product and decrease in the share of persons employed in agriculture in total employment in Poland and selected countries are discussed.The main driver of these changes is a faster pace of development of non-agricultural activities and continually deteriorating relations between the costs of production factors and prices of agricultural products. The rate of growth in labor costs and prices of the means of production for agriculture is much faster than the rate of increase in prices of agricultural products. This causes the decline in profitability of agricultural production which in creases the size of farms. The pace is dependent on the level of economic development of the country. The study also identified trends in the structure of farms, functions and systems of agriculture in the generational perspective.The polarization of the farms will deepen.A strong group of commodity farms and a group of so-called self – subsistence social farms will emerge. Agriculture in Poland will have a dual nature. In addition to the production function and social services agriculture will expand the scope of service functions for the environment and society