547 research outputs found
Detecting Consensus Emergence in Organizational Multilevel Data: Power Simulations
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from SAGE Publications via the DOI in this recordTheories suggest that groups within organizations often develop shared values, beliefs, affect, behaviors or agreed-upon routines; however, researchers rarely study predictors of consensus emergence over time. Recently, a multilevel-methods approach for detecting and studying emergence in organizational field data has been described. This approach—the consensus emergence model—builds on an extended three-level multilevel model. Researchers planning future studies based on the consensus emergence model need to consider (a) sample size characteristics required to detect emergence effects with satisfactory statistical power, and (b) how the distribution of the overall sample size across the levels of the multilevel model influences power. We systematically address both issues by conducting a power simulation for detecting main and moderating effects involving consensus emergence under a variety of typical research scenarios, and provide an R-based tool that readers can use to estimate power. Our discussion focuses on the future use and development of multilevel methods for studying emergence in organizational research
Work event experiences: Implications of an expanded taxonomy for understanding daily well-being.
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the American Psychological Association via the DOI in this recordThis article builds on earlier research on work events and uses a recently developed
taxonomy of situation perceptions—the CAPTION taxonomy—to study daily work events. The
authors specifically test the ideas that the specific affective event dimensions A (Adversity) and
O (humOr), and cognitive and typicality dimensions—I (Importance), C (Complexity), and T
(Typicality)—contribute to explaining daily well-being beyond P (Positive valence) and N
(Negative valence). Study 1 included N = 242 employees who filled in a diary over five
workdays, and Study 2 included a total of 295 employees in an experience sampling design.
Results from multilevel confirmatory factor analyses with events nested in persons and days
nested in persons suggested that a 7-dimension model—in line with the CAPTION taxonomy—
improved model fit. Multilevel structural equation modeling further revealed that the additional
dimensions contributed to explaining well-being after work (Study 1) and well-being at work
(Study 2) at both the between- and the within-person level. These effects were in particular
driven by the A (Adversity) and O (humOr) dimensions. The authors discuss to what degree a
multidimensional perspective on situation perceptions can improve occupational health
researchers’ understanding of work events as drivers of well-being at work
Methodological and conceptual issues in studying effort-reward fit
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Emerald via the DOI in this recordPurpose. Research on effort-reward “imbalance” has gained popularity in the
occupational health literature, and authors typically use effort-reward ratios to study this
phenomenon. This article provides a methodological and theoretical critique of this literature,
and suggestions on how future research can better study joint effects of efforts and reward.
Design/methodology/approach. The authors conducted a simulation study, analyzed
panel data, and surveyed the literature on the theoretical and methodological basis of the
“imbalance” concept.
Findings. The simulation study indicates that under many conditions the effort-reward
ratio captures main effects of effort and reward and that effects also depend on the scaling of the
variables. The panel data showed that when main effects and the interactions of effort and reward
are entered simultaneously in a regression predicting mental and physical health, the significant
effect of the effort-reward ratios disappears. The literature review reveals that psychological
theories include more elaborate theoretical ideas on joint effects of effort and reward.
Research implications. The results suggest that moderated multiple regression analyses
are better suited to detect a misfit between effort and reward than effort-reward ratios. The
authors also suggest to use the term effort-reward fit in future research.
Originality/value. Methodologically and conceptually the authors showed that the effortreward ratio is not an appropriate approach because it confuses main effects with interaction
effects. Furthermore, the concept of effort-reward imbalance is better substituted by a broader
conceptualization of effort-reward fit that can be integrated with the existing literature on personenvironment fit. Recommendations for future research are provided
What are agile, flexible, or adaptable employees and students? A typology of dynamic individual differences in applied settings
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from SAGE Publications via the DOI in this recordThe applied psychology literature has discussed and used a variety of different definitions of
dynamic individual differences. Descriptions like dynamic, agile, adaptive, or flexible can refer to a
variety of different types of constructs. The present article contributes to the literature by presenting an
organizing typology of dynamic constructs. We also conducted a literature review of four major applied
journals over the last 15 years to validate the taxonomy and to use it to map what type of dynamic
individual differences constructs are typically studied in the applied psychology literature. The typology
includes six basic conceptualizations of dynamic individual differences: Variability constructs
(inconsistency across situations), skill acquisition constructs (learning new skills), transition constructs
(avoiding “loss” in performance after unforeseen change), reacquisition constructs (relearning after
change), acceleration/deceleration constructs (losing or gaining energy by displaying the behavior), and
integration/dissolution constructs (behavior becomes more or less uniform). We provide both verbal
and statistical definitions for each of these constructs, and demonstrate how these conceptualizations
can be operationalized in assessment and criterion measurement using R code and simulated data. We
also show how researchers can test different dynamic explanations using likelihood-based R² statistics
Stochasticity, periodicity and localized light structures in partially mode-locked fibre lasers
Physical systems with co-existence and interplay of processes featuring distinct spatio-temporal scales are found in various research areas ranging from studies of brain activity to astrophysics. The complexity of such systems makes their theoretical and experimental analysis technically and conceptually challenging. Here, we discovered that while radiation of partially mode-locked fibre lasers is stochastic and intermittent on a short time scale, it exhibits non-trivial periodicity and long-scale correlations over slow evolution from one round-trip to another. A new technique for evolution mapping of intensity autocorrelation function has enabled us to reveal a variety of localized spatio-temporal structures and to experimentally study their symbiotic co-existence with stochastic radiation. Real-time characterization of dynamical spatio-temporal regimes of laser operation is set to bring new insights into rich underlying nonlinear physics of practical active- and passive-cavity photonic systems
Real-time high-resolution heterodyne-based measurements of spectral dynamics in fibre lasers
Conventional tools for measurement of laser spectra (e.g. optical spectrum analysers) capture data averaged over a considerable time period. However, the generation spectrum of many laser types may involve spectral dynamics whose relatively fast time scale is determined by their cavity round trip period, calling for instrumentation featuring both high temporal and spectral resolution. Such real-time spectral characterisation becomes particularly challenging if the laser pulses are long, or they have continuous or quasi-continuous wave radiation components. Here we combine optical heterodyning with a technique of spatiooral intensity measurements that allows the characterisation of such complex sources. Fast, round-trip-resolved spectral dynamics of cavity-based systems in real-time are obtained, with temporal resolution of one cavity round trip and frequency resolution defined by its inverse (85 ns and 24 MHz respectively are demonstrated). We also show how under certain conditions for quasi-continuous wave sources, the spectral resolution could be further increased by a factor of 100 by direct extraction of phase information from the heterodyned dynamics or by using double time scales within the spectrogram approach
A New Approach to Monitoring Dengue Activity
Discusses informal surveillance tools for monitoring dengue activity, such as ProMED, GPHIN HealthMap and BioCaster
Dynamics and transport near quantum-critical points
The physics of non-zero temperature dynamics and transport near
quantum-critical points is discussed by a detailed study of the O(N)-symmetric,
relativistic, quantum field theory of a N-component scalar field in spatial
dimensions. A great deal of insight is gained from a simple, exact solution of
the long-time dynamics for the N=1 d=1 case: this model describes the critical
point of the Ising chain in a transverse field, and the dynamics in all the
distinct, limiting, physical regions of its finite temperature phase diagram is
obtained. The N=3, d=1 model describes insulating, gapped, spin chain
compounds: the exact, low temperature value of the spin diffusivity is
computed, and compared with NMR experiments. The N=3, d=2,3 models describe
Heisenberg antiferromagnets with collinear N\'{e}el correlations, and
experimental realizations of quantum-critical behavior in these systems are
discussed. Finally, the N=2, d=2 model describes the superfluid-insulator
transition in lattice boson systems: the frequency and temperature dependence
of the the conductivity at the quantum-critical coupling is described and
implications for experiments in two-dimensional thin films and inversion layers
are noted.Comment: Lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Dynamical
properties of unconventional magnetic systems", Geilo, Norway, April 2-12,
1997, edited by A. Skjeltorp and D. Sherrington, Kluwer Academic, to be
published. 46 page
Real-time observation of dissipative soliton formation in nonlinear polarization rotation mode-locked fibre lasers
Formation of coherent structures and patterns from unstable uniform state or noise is a fundamental physical phenomenon that occurs in various areas of science ranging from biology to astrophysics. Understanding of the underlying mechanisms of such processes can both improve our general interdisciplinary knowledge about complex nonlinear systems and lead to new practical engineering techniques. Modern optics with its high precision measurements offers excellent test-beds for studying complex nonlinear dynamics, though capturing transient rapid formation of optical solitons is technically challenging. Here we unveil the build-up of dissipative soliton in mode-locked fibre lasers using dispersive Fourier transform to measure spectral dynamics and employing autocorrelation analysis to investigate temporal evolution. Numerical simulations corroborate experimental observations, and indicate an underlying universality in the pulse formation. Statistical analysis identifies correlations and dependencies during the build-up phase. Our study may open up possibilities for real-time observation of various nonlinear structures in photonic systems
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