Mikrobilääkkeiden käyttö ja infektioiden esiintyminen pitkäaikaishoitolaitoksissa Suomessa

Background and aims. The rapidly growing ageing population results in a demand for new types of housing that may face the same challenges as nursing homes (NHs) do today. Elderly persons are at particular risk for healthcare-associated infections, since few long-term care facilities (LTCFs) have in-house expertise in infection control or in infectious diseases. This may lead to inappropriate prescription of antimicrobials and promote development of multidrug-resistant bacteria. The movement of residents between LTCFs and acute-care hospitals facilitates the spread of resistant bacteria. The aim of the present study was to determine the use of antimicrobials and prevalence of infections in LTCFs in Finland. An additional aim was to evaluate the feasibility of different methods in assessing antibiotic use and prevalence of infections in LTCFs. Methods. A team comprising an infectious disease consultant, an infection control nurse, and a geriatrician visited all 123 LTCFs for elderly persons in the Central Finland Healthcare District during 2004 2005. The site visits consisted of a structured interview concerning patients, ongoing systemic antimicrobial use, diagnostic practices for urinary tract infection (UTI), and monthly amount in liters of alcohol-based hand rubs used and in patient-days. Following the visits, regional guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials in LTCFs were published and the use of antimicrobials was followed up by an annual questionnaire during 2006-2008. All residents present in nine voluntary NHs for ≥ 24 hours (n = 5,791) and receiving systemic antimicrobials on the day of the survey were included in the study. Data on antibiotics and their indications (prophylaxis or treatment, type of infection) were collected in April and November 2009 and May-September 2010. All residents for whom a Minimum Data Set (MDS) form (n = 12,784) was completed in 753 LTCFs using a Resident Assessment Instrument (RAI) in April and September 2011 were included. Results. The proportions of patients receiving antimicrobials in surveys varied between 10% and 19%. Most of the antimicrobials were used for UTI prophylaxis (42-69%) and treatment (13-25%). The proportion of patients on UTI prophylaxis decreased in the Central Finland Healthcare District from 13% to 6% and in eight NHs from 12% to 6%. The most common antimicrobial used was methenamine (36-44%), followed by trimetoprim (14-31%), cephalexin (6-9%), and pivmecillinam (6-11%). In Central Finland Healthcare District LTCFs, the total amount of alcohol-based hand rub used increased by 70%, from the mean (SD) of 7.3 (5.1) L/1000 patient-days on the baseline visit in 2005 to 12.4 (14.9) L in 2008. In LTCFs using RAI, the risk factors for antimicrobial prescription included female sex, age < 85 years, urinary catheter, urinary incontinence, confusion, restriction to bed, pressure ulcers, diarrhea, and hospital stay during the previous 90 days. Conclusions. Antimicrobial use was common in Finnish LTCFs and most were used for UTI prophylaxis and treatment. The decrease in antimicrobial usage during the surveys suggests that LTCFs may benefit from antimicrobial stewardship interventions focused on UTI. The multidisciplinary team succeeded in promoting hand hygiene in LTCFs, which was sustained over the 3-year follow-up. RAI with MDS data also constitutes a feasible tool for collecting data on antibiotic use and infections in LTCFs.Ikääntyneet ihmiset ovat erityisen alttiita saamaan hoitoon liittyviä infektioita. Pitkäaikaishoitolaitoksissa ei välttämättä ole asiantuntemusta hoitoon liittyvistä infektioista ja niiden ennaltaehkäisystä. Mikrobilääkkeiden runsas käyttö johtaa lääkkeille vastustuskykyisten bakteerien kehittymiseen ja leviämiseen. Asukkaiden siirrot akuuttisairaaloihin ja takaisin lisäävät lääkkeille vastustuskykyisten bakteerien leviämistä. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin mikrobilääkkeiden käyttöä ja infektioiden esiintymistä pitkäaikaishoitolaitoksissa. Samalla arvioitiin eri menetelmien käyttökelpoisuutta mikrobilääkkeiden käytön ja infektioiden esiintymisen selvittämiseksi pitkäaikaishoitolaitoksissa. Moniammatillinen ryhmä vieraili kaikissa pitkäaikaishoitolaitoksissa (n=123) Keski-Suomen sairaanhoitopiirin alueella 2004 2005. Tämän jälkeen seurattiin vuosittain 2006 2008 kirjekyselyllä mikrobilääkkeiden käyttöä ja käsihuuhteen kulutusta. Toiseksi tutkittiin pisteprevalenssitutkimuksella yhdeksän vapaaehtoisen vanhainkodin asukkaiden (n=5,791) mikrobilääkkeiden käyttöä. Kolmanneksi analysoitiin 753 pitkäaikaishoitolaitoksen MDS-arviointilomakkeen (n=12,784) infektio- ja mikrobilääketietoja syyskuulta 2011. Mikrobilääkkeitä käytettiin suomalaisissa pitkäaikaishoitolaitoksissa enemmän kuin eurooppalaisissa laitoksissa. Yleisimmin niitä käytettiin virtsatieinfektioiden ennaltaehkäisyyn ja hoitoon. Virtsatieinfektioiden ehkäisyyn käytettyjen mikrobilääkkeiden määrä väheni tutkimuksen aikana. Pitkäaikaishoitolaitokset voivat hyötyä erityisesti virtsatieinfektioiden ennaltaehkäisyn ja hoidon ohjeistamisesta. Moniammatillinen ryhmä onnistui lisäämään käsihuuhteen käyttöä pitkäaikaishoitolaitoksissa. Tulos säilyi kolmen vuoden seurannan ajan. RAI yksilöpohjainen arviointilomake (MDS) osoittautui käyttökelpoiseksi työkaluksi kerättäessä tietoja mikrobilääkkeiden käytöstä pitkäaikaishoitolaitoksissa. Pitkäaikaishoitolaitoksissa, joissa RAI-arviointimenetelmä oli käytössä, riskitekijät mikrobilääkkeiden käytölle olivat: naissukupuoli, ikä alle 85 vuotta, virtsatiekatetri, virtsan pidätyskyvyttömyys, sekavuus, vuodepotilas, painehaavat, ripuli ja sairaalahoitojakso edeltävän 90 vuorokauden aikana

A Novel Loss-of-Function GRN Mutation p.(Tyr229*) : Clinical and Neuropathological Features

Mutations in the progranulin (GRN) gene represent about 5-10% of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). We describe a proband with a novel GRN mutation c.687T>A, p.(Tyr229*), presenting with dyspraxia, dysgraphia, and dysphasia at the age of 60 and a very severe FTLD neuropathological phenotype with TDP43 inclusions. The nephew of the proband had signs of dementia and personality changes at the age of 60 and showed similar but milder FTLD pathology. Three other family members had had early-onset dementia. Gene expression studies showed decreased GRN gene expression in mutation carriers' blood samples. In conclusion, we describe a novel GRN, p.(Tyr229*) mutation, resulting in haploinsufficiency of GRN and a severe neuropathologic FTLD phenotype.Peer reviewe

The worldwide antibiotic resistance and prescribing in european children (ARPEC) point prevalence survey: developing hospital-quality indicators of antibiotic prescribing for children

Objectives: Previously, web-based tools for cross-sectional antimicrobial point prevalence surveys (PPSs) have been used in adults to develop indicators of quality improvement. We aimed to determine the feasibility of developing similar quality indicators of improved antimicrobial prescribing focusing specifically on hospitalized neonates and children worldwide. Methods: A standardized antimicrobial PPS method was employed. Included were all inpatient children and neonates receiving an antimicrobial at 8:00 am on the day of the PPS. Denominators included the total number of inpatients. A web-based application was used for data entry, validation and reporting. We analysed 2012 data from 226 hospitals (H) in 41 countries (C) from Europe (174H; 24C), Africa (6H; 4C), Asia (25H; 8C), Australia (6H), Latin America (11H; 3C) and North America (4H). Results: Of 17 693 admissions, 6499 (36.7%) inpatients received at least one antimicrobial, but this varied considerably between wards and regions. Potential indicators included very high broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing in children of mainly ceftriaxone (ranked first in Eastern Europe, 31.3%; Asia, 13.0%; Southern Europe, 9.8%), cefepime (ranked third in North America, 7.8%) and meropenem (ranked first in Latin America, 13.1%). The survey identified worryingly high use of critically important antibiotics for hospital-acquired infections in neonates (34.9%; range from 14.2% in Africa to 68.0% in Latin America) compared with children (28.3%; range from 14.5% in Africa to 48.9% in Latin America). Parenteral administration was very common among children in Asia (88%), Latin America (81%) and Europe (67%). Documentation of the reasons for antibiotic prescribing was lowest in Latin America (52%). Prolonged surgical prophylaxis rates ranged from 78% (Europe) to 84% (Latin America). Conclusions: Simple web-based PPS tools provide a feasible method to identify areas for improvement of antibiotic use, to set benchmarks and to monitor future interventions in hospitalized neonates and children. To our knowledge, this study has derived the first global quality indicators for antibiotic use in hospitalized neonates and children

High Rates of Prescribing Antimicrobials for Prophylaxis in Children and Neonates: Results From the Antibiotic Resistance and Prescribing in European Children Point Prevalence Survey

Background. This study was conducted to assess the variation in prescription practices for systemic antimicrobial agents used for prophylaxis among pediatric patients hospitalized in 41 countries worldwide. Methods. Using the standardized Antibiotic Resistance and Prescribing in European Children Point Prevalence Survey protocol, a cross-sectional point-prevalence survey was conducted at 226 pediatric hospitals in 41 countries from October 1 to November 30, 2012. Results. Overall, 17 693 pediatric patients were surveyed and 36.7% of them received antibiotics (n = 6499). Of 6818 inpatient children, 2242 (32.9%) received at least 1 antimicrobial for prophylactic use. Of 11 899 prescriptions for antimicrobials, 3400 (28.6%) were provided for prophylactic use. Prophylaxis for medical diseases was the indication in 73.4% of cases (2495 of 3400), whereas 26.6% of prescriptions were for surgical diseases (905 of 3400). In approximately half the cases (48.7% [1656 of 3400]), a combination of 2 or more antimicrobials was prescribed. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics (BSAs), which included tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, and sulfonamides/trimethoprim, was high (51.8% [1761 of 3400]). Broad-spectrum antibiotic use for medical prophylaxis was more common in Asia (risk ratio [RR], 1.322; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.202-1.653) and more restricted in Australia (RR, 0.619; 95% CI, 0.521-0.736). Prescription of BSA for surgical prophylaxis also varied according to United Nations region. Finally, a high percentage of surgical patients (79.7% [721 of 905]) received their prophylaxis for longer than 1 day. Conclusions. A high proportion of hospitalized children received prophylactic BSAs. This represents a clear target for quality improvement. Collectively speaking, it is critical to reduce total prophylactic prescribing, BSA use, and prolonged prescription