THE COMMON HERITAGE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

Urdu is an ancient Aryan language associated with Sanskrit. Its history in India dates back to about 1500 years ago. The form came into being which met the standard of literature. This is how the evolutionary journey of Urdu began early specimens of Urdu are found in northern India Amir Khosrow has tried his hand at all genres of prose. Urdu language words are often found together. That is why all Urdu and Hindi people recognize him as their poet. He used common sense language in his speech which was very clear language. Therefore it is appropriate that Amir Khosrow has accepted the influence of Punjabi, a Steep, dialect. The great heritage of Urdu is also found in Deccan who worked for the promotion & publication of this language. Therefore, the early impressions of Urdu are ancient. Among the earliest works of prose are Khawaja Ashraf Jahangir's Magazine and Khawaja Banda Nawaz Gesu Daraz's Miraj-e-Aashiqeen. The most important work of the century is Sub Ras. Another name of this book is Qissa Husan-o-Adal. The Urdu language is slowly developing

An Intellectual & Technical Review of Irfan Siddiqui's Book ‘Makkah Madina’

Travelogue is a piece of literature that describes a journey. There is a profound tradition of travelogue writing in Urdu literature. Pilgrimage to Makkah and Madina has been narrated by many writers. Similarly, Irfan Saddiqui expressed his feelings and travel details while visiting Makkah and Madina through his travelogue ‘Makkah Madinah’ which highlights the beauty and spiritual quest of travelers and devotees. He reincarnates and revives the historical aspects of the Holy Pilgrimage. Saddiqui represents the true spirit of Islam, love for Holy Prophet (PBUH), peace, emotions and longings through visual imagery. An intellectual and technical review of the said book has been taken through this paper

Prenatal Maternal Depression Symptoms and Dietary Intake – A Population Based Study in Rural Pakistan

Background: High prevalence of depression among pregnant women has been observed in low and middle-income countries including Pakistan.Pregnancy is an important stressor for depression and depressed women tend to have poor dietary intake.The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of prenatal depression and its risk factors, and explored the relationship of prenatal depression with dietary intake in a representative sample of women living in a rural setting of Pakistan. Methods: This study was conducted at the baseline of a large cluster randomised controlled trial. Five hundred pregnant women in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, living a in a rural area of district Rawalpindi Pakistan, were recruited for the baseline of the trial. Depression was assessed using “Patient Health Questionnaire” (PHQ9), with a cut-off score of 10, and the dietary intake assessment was carried out by“Food Frequency Questionnaire” and “24 Hour Dietary Recall”.Data on stressful life-events and perceived social support were captured through “Life Events Checklist” and “Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support”.All pregnant women who had PHQ-9 scores of 10 or more were invited to participate. Those women whose PHQ 9 was less than 10 were selected through simple random sampling and invited for baseline measurements after obtaining informed consent. Response rate was around 98%.Appropriate tests of significance were used for bivariate analysis. Final Generalized Linear Model with logit link function was obtained. Results: The prevalence of prenatal depression was found to be 27%.Depressed pregnant women belonged to 23-30 years age group, were less educated had,lived in joint family and had less perceived support from family and friends.Depressed women suffered from at least 3-4 stressful life events .Food variety scores were generated and dichotomized at median for dietary inadequacy. Mean intake of all the energy, macronutrients and micronutrients was significantly less among depressed (p<0.001).Prenatal depression was significantly associated with dietary inadequacy (P<0.05). In addition factors like life satisfaction, husband away from home in last six months (P<0.05), physical IPV (P<0.05) and stressful life events (P<0.01) were also independently associated with dietary inadequacy. Conclusion: The current study to the best of my knowledge is the first study to investigate in a large rural community based sample of women the link between prenatal depression and dietary intake. Most of the depressed women did not eat sufficient items from various food groups to meet the recommended dietary allowance. Prenatal depression was independently associated with inadequate dietary intake. Risk factors for prenatal depression as well as dietary inadequacy were psychosocial in nature. There is a need to screen women at antenatal visit and provide nutritional counselling to improve dietary behaviors for better pregnancy outcomes

Stylistic Analysis of Alfread Tennyson's Poem Tears Idle Tears

This research paper is about the stylistic analysis of Tennyson’s poem “Tears, Idle Tears”. For analysis of this poem the stylistics devices are used and analysis is made under the aspects of phonological, semantic and Lexical Pattern. The analysis would be helpful in understanding the basic concepts of the poem, which had some past memories, impact at the present. The purpose of this study is to find out the poetic techniques which poet used to enhance the emotions of the reader. This study is also helpful to analyse the structure and style of the Tennyson and his views. Key Words : Stylistic analysis, Tennyson’s poem, Tears, idle tears, Poetic Devices

Impact of humanities and social sciences curriculum in an undergraduate medical education programme

Objective: To evaluate the impact of humanities and social sciences curriculum in an undergraduate medical education programme.Methods: The qualitative study was conducted from May 2016 to May 2017 at a private medical college in Karachi where humanities and social sciences subject is an art of the undergraduate curriculum as a 6-week module at the start of Year 1 of the five-year programme. Focus group discussions were held with students from all the five years as well as with faculty related to humanities and social sciences, basic sciences and their clinical counterparts. The views of alumni of the undergraduate programme who are now members of the faculty at the institution were also explored and semi-structured interviews were conducted with institutional academic leaders. MAXQDA software was used to identify the themes for analysis.Results: Of the 50 participants, 27(54%) were students, 21(42%) were faculty members and 2(4%) were academic leaders. From the 11 sub-themes, 5 themes were identified: Expectations, Strengths, Challenges, Way forward, and Institutional role and responsibility. Faculty members perceived humanities and social sciences as encouraging creative and critical thinking, boosting students\u27 confidence and positively impacting their behaviour. Student perception seemed to change as they progressed through the years and they appreciated its impact at different stages.Conclusions: The existing humanities and social sciences curriculum can be further strengthened by integrating contents throughout the five-year programme and continuing it as a longitudinal theme rather than limiting it to a one-time exposure at the start of the programme

Colorectal Cancer‐Related Health Worries and Functional Limitations among Older Adult, Long‐Term Cancer Survivors

Cancer and aging are associated with functional limitations; however, the reasons for these limitations are unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine potential reasons of functional limitations among older long-term colorectal cancer survivors using a newly developed assessment tool, the Physical Function Perception Scale (PFPS).The particular reasons for functional limitations are currently unknown for older long-term colorectal cancer survivors. To provide the best preventative and rehabilitative care, however, it is necessary to understand these reasons. Therefore, the ability to identify modifiable reasons (e.g., pain, balance problems, fatigue) of functional limitations could have important implications for improving long-term outcomes in older cancer survivors (Bennett et al., 2002; Leville et al, 2004; Whitson et al, 2009). Although a number of valid assessment tools are available, a valid self-report assessment tool that allows individuals to identify the reasons for their functional limitations is currently not available

Stretching the boundaries of medical education: A case of medical college embracing humanities and social sciences in medical education

Objective: Aga Khan University, a private medical college, had a vision of producing physicians who are not only scientifically competent, but also socially sensitive, the latter by exposure of medical students to a broad-based curriculum. The objective of this study was to identify the genesis of broad-based education and its integration into the undergraduate medical education program as the Humanities and Social Sciences (HASS) course. Methods: A qualitative methodology was used for this study. Sources of data included document review and in-depth key informant interviews. Nvivo software was utilized to extract themes. Results: The study revealed the process of operationalization of the institutional vision to produce competent and culturally sensitive physicians. The delay in the establishment of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, which was expected to take a lead role in the delivery of a broad-based education, led to the development of an innovative HASS course in the medical curriculum. The study also identified availability of faculty and resistance from students as challenges faced in the implementation and evolution of HASS. Conclusions: The description of the journey and viability of integration of HASS into the medical curriculum offers a model to medical colleges seeking ways to produce socially sensitive physicians

Social Anxiety and Quality of Life: Mediating Role of Stigma Perception in Individuals Who Stutter

Children, adolescents, and adults who stutter widely experience anxiety and avoid social situations; hence stuttering negatively affects their quality of life (Yaruss & Quesal, 2004). The study aims to investigate the relation between social anxiety, stigma perception, and quality of life among individuals who stutter and to examine if stigma perception mediates between social anxiety and quality of life. Participants of aged 11- 25 years (Mage =18.83, SD = 4.74, N = 117) were recruited using purposive and snowball sampling technique. Participants were screened based on dysfluency using DSM-5 (2013) stuttering criteria. Results revealed significant association between social anxiety, stigma perception, and quality of life. Mediation analysis also showed that stigma perception partially mediated the relation between social anxiety and quality of life in individuals who stutter. Furthermore, significant age differences were found in social anxiety and quality of life in individuals who stutter. The study concluded that stigma perception partially mediates the relationship between social anxiety and quality of life; therefore, social anxiety and perceived stigma need to be reduced to enhance stuttering individuals’ quality of life. Results highlight the importance of multidisciplinary approach in the management of stuttering

COMPARISON OF BODY WEIGHT, ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE WEIGHT OF PITUITARY GLAND IN CARBIMAZOLE AND CARBIMAZOLE PLUS THYROXIN TREATED MALE ALBINO RATS

ABSTRACT: Overt hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism may be associated with weight gain and loss. The present study was designed to determine the effects of Carbimazole, an antithyroid drug (ATD) used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism and Grave&apos;s disease, on body weight, weight of Pituitary gland and relative weight of male albino rats and compared it with the effect of Carbimazole plus Thyroxin on body weight, absolute and relativ

N,N′-[1,3-Phenyl­enebis(methyl­ene)]di-p-toluenesulfonamide

In the title compound, C22H24N2O4S2, the dihedral angles between the central benzene ring and the pendant rings are 66.96 (13) and 69.37 (13)°. The torsion angles for the C—N—S—C fragments are −68.5 (3) and −72.6 (3)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to generate infinite (001) sheets containing R 4 4(28) loops. A weak aromatic π–π stacking contact between one of the terminal benzene rings and its inversion-related partner is also observed [centroid-to-centroid separation = 3.796 (2) Å and slippage = 1.581 Å], as are two possible C—H⋯π contacts