Il profilo degli acidi grassi della trota iridea allevata nei vivai ittici sloveni

The present study was carried out to determine the fatty acid profile of rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss) from three Slovenian fish farms; Zalog, Želimlje and Povodje. Fatty acids composition was determined on a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The results showed that farming conditions have a significant influence on the fatty acid composition of rainbow trout. The predominant saturated fatty acid (SFA) was palmitic acid, oleic acid was the main monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), while the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were the main long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA). The percentage of DHA exceeded that of EPA in all rainbow trout samples studied. The n-6/n-3 ratio ranged from 0.89 to 1.54 and the PUFA/SFA ratio was between 1.81 and 2.36. In dorsal and ventral fillet parts, the content of most fatty acids was similar, exceptions were observed for some PUFAs; arachidonic acid, EPA and DHA.Navedeno istraživanje je provedeno s ciljem utvrđivanja profila masnih kiselina kalifornijske pastrve (Oncorhynchus mykiss) iz tri slovenska riblja uzgajališta: Zalog, Želimlje i Povodje. Sastav masnih kiselina je utvrđen na plinskom kromatografu s plameno-ionizacijskim detektorom (GC-FID). Rezultati su pokazali da uvjeti uzgoja imaju značajan utjecaj na sastav masnih kiselina kalifornijske pastrve. Dominantna zasićena masna kiselina (SFA) bila je palmitinska kiselina, oleinska kiselina je bila glavna mononezasićena masna kiselina (MUFA), dok su eikosapentaenoična kiselina (EPA) i dokosaheksaenoična kiselina (DHA) bile glavne dugolančane n-3 polinezasićene masne kiseline (n-3 PUFA). Postotak DHA je premašio postotak EPA u svim proučavanim uzorcima kalifornijske pastrve. Omjer n-6/n-3 se kretao u rasponu od 0.89 do 1.54, a PUFA/SFA omjer je bio između 1.81 i 2.36. U dorzalnim i ventralnim dijelovima fileta sastav većine masnih kiselina bio je sličan, iznimke su zamijećene za određene polinezasićene masne kiseline, i to arahidonsku kiselinu, EPA i DHA.Die vorliegende Studie wurde durchgeführt, um das Fettsäureprofil von Regenbogenforellen (Oncorynchus mykiss) aus drei slowenischen Fischfarmen zu bestimmen: Zalog, Želimlje und Povodje. Die Fettsäurezusammensetzung wurde anhand eines Gaschromatographs mit Flammenionisationsdetektor (GC FID) bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Zuchtbedingungen einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Fettsäurezusammensetzung der Regenbogenforelle haben. Die vorherrschende gesättigte Fettsäure (SFA) war die Palmitinsäure; die Ölsäure war die wichtigste einfach ungesättigte Fettsäure (MUFA), während die Eicosapentaensäure (EPA) und die Docosahexaensäure (DHA) die wichtigsten langkettigen n-3 mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren (n-3 PUFA) waren. Der prozentuale Anteil von DHA überstieg den von EPA in allen untersuchten Regenbogenforellenproben. Das n-6/n-3-Verhältnis reichte von 0,89 bis 1,54 und das PUFA/SFA-Verhältnis lag zwischen 1,81 und 2,36. In dorsalen und ventralen Filetteilen war der Gehalt der meisten Fettsäuren ähnlich, Ausnahmen wurden für einige mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren beobachtet: Arachidonsäure, EPA und DHA.Este estudio fue realizado para determinar el perfil de ácidos grasos de la trucha arco iris (Oncorhynchus mykiss) de tres piscifactorías eslovenas: Zalog, Želimlje y Povodje. La composición de ácidos grasos fue determinada en en un cromatógrafo de gases con detector de ionización de llama (GC-FID). Los resultados mostraron que las piscifactorías tienen un impacto significativo en la composición de ácidos grasos de la trucha arco iris. El ácido graso saturado dominante (SFA) fue el ácido palmítico, el ácido oleico fue el principal ácido graso monoinsaturado (MUFA), mientras que el ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y el ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) fueron los principales ácidos grasos poliinsaturados n-3 de cadena larga (n-3 PUFA). El porcentaje de DHA excedió el porcentaje de EPA en todas las muestras de truchas arco iris estudiadas. La relación n-6 / n-3 osciló entre 0,89 y 1,54, y la relación PUFA / SFA estuvo entre 1,81 y 2,36. En las partes dorsal y ventral del filete la composición de la mayoría de los ácidos grasos fue similar, se observaron excepciones para ciertos PUFA: el ácido araquidónico, el EPA y el DHA.La citata ricerca è stata condotta con lo scopo di accertare il profilo degli acidi grassi della trota iridea (Oncorhynchus mykiss) allevata in tre vivai ittici sloveni: Zalog, Želimlje e Povodje. La composizione degli acidi grassi è stata accertata mediante gascromatografia con rivelatore a ionizzazione di fiamma (GC-FID). I risultati hanno dimostrato che le condizioni d’allevamento esercitano un forte impatto sulla composizione degli acidi grassi trota iridea (detta anche trota arcobaleno o salmonata). L’acido palmitico è risultato l’acido grasso saturo dominante (SFA), l’acido oleico il principale acido monoinsaturo (MUFA), mentre l’acido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) e l’acido docosaesaenoico (DHA) sono risultati i principali acidi grassi polinsaturi omega-3 a catena lunga (n-3 PUFA). La percentuale di DHA ha superato quella dell’EPA in tutti i campioni di trota iridea esaminati. Per quanto riguarda il rapporto n-6/n-3, sono stati registrati valori oscillanti tra 0.89 e 1.54, mentre il rapporto PUFA/SFA ha fatto registrare valori compresi tra 1.81 e 2.36. Nelle parti dorsali e ventrali dei filetti, la composizione della maggior parte degli acidi grassi è risultata simile, con alcune eccezioni riguardo a determinati acidi grassi polinsaturi, quali l’acido arachidonico, l’EPA e il DHA

Showcase of tools for preparing, modifying and describing thin lms for energy conversion devices with special attention on plasma phenomenology

This paper draws attention to the wide range of capacities of the roup, including chemical and physical deposition, modification and processing techniues, and advanced characterisations. In particular, this work demystifies the new plasma discharge method for the synthesis of thin films, which is still under development. Specifically, the coupled spark plasma ablation deposition (SPAD) can be performed at almost ambient conditions in various configurations with respect to several deposition reactors, proving powerful, versatile, green, and easy-to-use nature of the method. Composition-wise, up to 4 element material can be derived combining pure electrodes, however the derived composition can be broader when using alloy electrodes. It is indisputable that SPAD is capable of producing thin films at a significantly reduced cost compared to other methods.which we want to put in use for the constituent layers of the last generation of energy conversion devices. enerally, the SPAD optimisation envelope heavily differs for the case of intended products nanoparticle vs thin film, or metal vs metal oxide, or crystalline vs amorphous. Here, we will provide a more detailed description of the ablation parameters that are necessary to achieve the various crystallinities of nanomaterials. Copper nanoparticles and thin films were derived via SPAD and additionally thermally treated. (Micro)structural and thermal evolution points out to interesting development of the surface morphologies. In addition, the results enabled the correlation between oxygen plasma concentration and order of crystallinity in the thin films

The Influence of Low Amperage Electric Current on Various Bacterial Species in Seawater

Mikroorganizmima kontaminirana morska voda mogući je izvor infekcije za čovjeka ili izravno ili konzumacijom hrane iz mora. Konvencionalne metode za dezinfekciju vode za piće nisu primjenjive za morski okoliš. U našem istraživanju ispitivali smo učinak istosmjerne električne struje niske jakosti na različite ubikvitarne, a ujedno i potencijalno patogene bakterijske vrste: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae i Escerichia coli. Utjecaj istosmjerne struje niske jakosti promatran je pri 4,9 A i 24 V u pripremljenoj standardiziranoj otopini morske vode. Broj svih tretiranih bakterijskih vrsta reduciran je na približno 102 CFU/mL u prvih pet sekunda. Najosjetljivija na djelovanje električne struje je vrsta S. epidermidis; ona je u potpunosti eliminirana nakon deset sekunda. K. pneumoniae je najotpornija pa se potpun letalni učinak ostvaruje nakon dvadeset sekunda električnog tretmana. Zaključno, rezultati su pokazali da je tretman električnom strujom niske jakosti pogodan za učinkovitu i brzu eliminaciju bakterija u morskoj vodi.According to literature data low amperage electric current is an alternative method for water disinfection. In our study we wanted to examine its effect on various bacterial species: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. We used device for the generation of low amperage direct electric current. The lethal effect of low amperage direct electric current on bacteria was monitored in standardized seawater suspension with 4,9 A and 24 V. Staphylococcus epidermidis was shown to be the most sensitive species tested. The lethal effect was achieved after 10 seconds of treatment. The most resistant bacterial species on electric treatment was Klebsiella pneumoniae for which the lethal effect was accomplished after 20 seconds. Our results indicate that the low amperage electric field treatment is effective for rapid inactivation of bacteria in seawater

Targeted protein degradation via intramolecular bivalent glues

Targeted protein degradation is a pharmacological modality that is based on the induced proximity of an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a target protein to promote target ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. This has been achieved either via proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs)—bifunctional compounds composed of two separate moieties that individually bind the target and E3 ligase, or via molecular glues that monovalently bind either the ligase or the target 1–4. Here, using orthogonal genetic screening, biophysical characterization and structural reconstitution, we investigate the mechanism of action of bifunctional degraders of BRD2 and BRD4, termed intramolecular bivalent glues (IBGs), and find that instead of connecting target and ligase in trans as PROTACs do, they simultaneously engage and connect two adjacent domains of the target protein in cis. This conformational change ‘glues’ BRD4 to the E3 ligases DCAF11 or DCAF16, leveraging intrinsic target–ligase affinities that do not translate to BRD4 degradation in the absence of compound. Structural insights into the ternary BRD4–IBG1–DCAF16 complex guided the rational design of improved degraders of low picomolar potency. We thus introduce a new modality in targeted protein degradation, which works by bridging protein domains in cis to enhance surface complementarity with E3 ligases for productive ubiquitination and degradation.</p

Targeted protein degradation via intramolecular bivalent glues

Targeted protein degradation is a pharmacological modality that is based on the induced proximity of an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a target protein to promote target ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. This has been achieved either via proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs)—bifunctional compounds composed of two separate moieties that individually bind the target and E3 ligase, or via molecular glues that monovalently bind either the ligase or the target 1–4. Here, using orthogonal genetic screening, biophysical characterization and structural reconstitution, we investigate the mechanism of action of bifunctional degraders of BRD2 and BRD4, termed intramolecular bivalent glues (IBGs), and find that instead of connecting target and ligase in trans as PROTACs do, they simultaneously engage and connect two adjacent domains of the target protein in cis. This conformational change ‘glues’ BRD4 to the E3 ligases DCAF11 or DCAF16, leveraging intrinsic target–ligase affinities that do not translate to BRD4 degradation in the absence of compound. Structural insights into the ternary BRD4–IBG1–DCAF16 complex guided the rational design of improved degraders of low picomolar potency. We thus introduce a new modality in targeted protein degradation, which works by bridging protein domains in cis to enhance surface complementarity with E3 ligases for productive ubiquitination and degradation.</p

Geographical and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 clades in the WHO European Region, January to June 2020

We show the distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) genetic clades over time and between countries and outline potential genomic surveillance objectives. We applied three genomic nomenclature systems to all sequence data from the World Health Organization European Region available until 10 July 2020. We highlight the importance of real-time sequencing and data dissemination in a pandemic situation, compare the nomenclatures and lay a foundation for future European genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2

Development of the peptide mapping method for use in biopharma industry

Razvoj bioloških in biološko podobnih zdravil, ki so proizvedena s tehnikami molekulske in celične biologije, v zadnjih desetletjih hitro narašča. Le-ta so proteinske narave, med njimi se vse bolj uveljavljajo rekombinantna monoklonska protitelesa (mAbs). Zaradi dolgoletne uporabe in zgodovine regulatornih odobritev se za proizvodnjo rekombinantnih mAbs najpogosteje uporabljajo celične linije ovarijskih celic kitajskega hrčka, pri katerih je tehnologija transfekcije, amplifikacije in selekcije klona dobro vpeljana in okarakterizirana. Pri razvoju celične linije in bioprocesa za proizvodnjo rekombinantnih proteinov se uporabljajo različne analitske metode za spremljanje kritičnih atributov kakovosti (CQA). Vrednosti posameznih atributov morajo ustrezati določenim vnaprej postavljenim mejam, saj lahko le na tak način zagotavljamo ustrezno varnost in učinkovitost terapevtskega proteina. Tradicionalno se uporabljajo specifične analitske metode, za katere velja princip: en atribut – ena metoda. V zadnjem času pa tradicionalne analitske metode nadomešča multiatributna metoda (MAM), ki največkrat temelji na peptidnem kartiranju (Pepmap). Njena glavna prednost pred tradicionalnimi analitskimi metodami je v tem, da lahko v eni analizi spremljamo več atributov hkrati, s čimer prihranimo veliko časa in sredstev. Namen raziskovalne naloge je bil vzpostaviti in optimizirati MAM, pri čemer smo uporabljali tehniko tekočinske kromatografije visoke ločljivosti, sklopljene z masno spektrometrijo, ki temelji na Orbitrap tehnologiji. Razvili smo uporabno orodje za spremljanje številnih CQA, ki se je izkazalo kot odlična alternativa številnim konvencionalnim metodam.The development of biologics and biosimilars, which are produced by molecular and cell biology techniques, has been growing rapidly in recent decades. These are proteins among which recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are gaining ground. Due to the long-term use and history of regulatory approvals, Chinese hamster ovary cell lines are most commonly used for the production of recombinant mAbs, in which transfection, amplification and clone selection is well established and characterized. Various analytical methods for monitoring critical quality attributes (CQA) are used during development of the cell line and bioprocess for the production of recombinant mAbs. The value of individual attribute must meet certain predefined criteria, as this is the only way to ensure adequate safety and efficacy of the therapeutic protein. Traditionally, specific analytical single-attribute methods are used for monitoring of CQA. Recently, however, traditional analytical methods have been replaced by the multi-attribute method (MAM), which is most often based on peptide mapping (Pepmap). Its main advantage over traditional analytical methods is monitoring of multiple attributes simultaneously in one analysis, thus saving a lot of time and resources. The main scope of our work was the establishment and optimization of MAM by using high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap-based mass spectrometry technique. We have developed a useful tool for monitoring of multiple attributes simultaneously in one analysis, which could be an excellent alternative to conventional chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques

Interaction between the angiotensin-(1–7) mas receptor and the dopamine D2 receptor

Ang (angiotensin) 1-7 MasR (Mas receptor) and D2R (dopamine D2 receptor) stimulation is coupled to anti-inflammatory responses. In the present work, we investigated the hypothesis that the anti-inflammatory action mediated by both receptors results from MasR-D2R heteromerization. Human monocyte (THP-1) cells differentiated to macrophages and exposed to lipopolysaccharide were employed. Ang (1-7) and the D2R agonist SUM (sumanirole) induced a decrease in proinflammatory IL (interleukin) 6 release in human macrophages exposed to a proinflammatory stimulus. The Ang (1-7)-induced decrease in IL-6 was blocked by the D2R antagonist. Conversely, the SUM induced decrease in IL-6 was prevented by the MasR antagonist and when MasR expression was downregulated, suggesting MasR-D2R interaction. Co-immunoprecipitation assay in THP-1 cells and in human monocyte differentiated macrophages from peripheral blood mononuclear cells confirmed MasR-D2R interaction. To avoid the influence from other receptors, MasR-D2R interaction was characterized in transfected human embryonic kidney 293T cells. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis showed that MasR and D2R formed a constitutive heteromer, which was not modified by their agonists. Ang (1-7) and dopamine stimulated ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) 1/2 and Akt (protein kinase B) phosphorylation only in cells expressing MasR-D2R heteromers, but not in cells expressing each receptor alone. Ang (1-7)-stimulated ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation was prevented by D2R blockade while the effect of dopamine was prevented by MasR blockade, reinforcing the fact that MasR-D2R heteromers are involved in ERK1/2 and Akt activation induced by their agonists. Our findings provide new evidence regarding the mechanisms underlying the cross-talk between the Ang (1-7)/MasR axis and the dopaminergic system in response to a proinflammatory process.Fil: Rukavina Mikusic, Natalia Lucía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Silva, Mauro Gastón. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Mazzitelli, Luciana Romina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Santos, Robson A.S.. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Gomez, Karina Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres"; ArgentinaFil: Grecco, Hernan Edgardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Gironacci, Mariela Mercedes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentin