Effect of Environmental Regulation on Industrial Solid Waste Pollution in China: From the Perspective of Formal Environmental Regulation and Informal Environmental Regulation

To address the concern of environmental pollution, it is necessary to study the effect of environmental regulation on industrial solid waste emission reduction in China. This paper aimed to analyze the effectiveness of provincial environmental regulation (both formal and informal) on the industrial solid waste emission reduction. The results show that both the effect of formal and informal environmental regulations on industrial solid waste emission intensity present an inverted “U” shape. The threshold value of per capita GDP as an indicator variable is CNY 16,299 and CNY 15,572 respectively. The effect on pollution emission reduction will appear when the value is higher than the threshold, and the two-way transmission mechanism between formal and informal environmental regulations does exist. When GDP per capita exceeds CNY 27,961, there is a phenomenon of “rebound” in the effect of informal environmental regulation on pollution reduction. Based on the findings, it was suggested that both formal and informal environmental regulation should be promoted to achieve the goal of industrial solid waste emission reduction. The coordination between formal and informal environmental regulation should be considered when the government makes policies. Different environmental regulation policies should be implemented in different regions. Informal regulation should be enriched and further promoted. Environmental law should play an important role in maintaining the public’s participation in environmental regulation to prevent the failure of informal environmental regulation

Genome-Wide Analysis and Expression Tendency of Banana (Musa acuminata L.) Calcineurin B-Like (MaCBL) Genes under Potassium Stress

Calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins are reported to play significant roles in plant development and ion-transport regulation. Potassium shortages are a serious problem in banana cultivation. However, to date, the members of the banana CBL gene family, and their function in regulating potassium stress, remain unclear. In this study, 11 CBL genes were identified from the banana genome and grouped into four groups (Group I–IV) based on their phylogenetic relationships. The genomic features of these MaCBL genes were analyzed, focusing on their gene structures, standpat motifs, chromosomal distributions, and evolutionary history. Expression pattern analysis revealed that the MaCBLs were function-specific. Further qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the presence of MaCBL2 was indeed a response to potassium deficiency stress. The MaCBL2 gene was cloned, and sequence alignment indicated that it contained four elongation factor hand (EF-hand) domains, the conserved N-terminal myristoylation domain “MGCXXS/K(T)” and the “FPSF” motif. Subcellular location analysis showed that MaCBL2 was located in the plasma membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm. The overexpression of MaCBL2 could restore the growth of the yeast mutant R5421 on a K+-deficient medium. The overexpression of MaCBL2 could promote the root length of transgenic seedlings on K+-deficient medium. These findings indicate that MaCBL2 was, in our study, the key gene of the CBL family in responding to potassium deficiency in bananas. Our discoveries have established a considerable basis for the further study and application of MaCBL genes