238 research outputs found
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discriminations by nanopore sensing
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are a common type of nucleotide alterations across the genome. A rapid but accurate detection of individual or SNP panels can lead to the right and in-time treatments which possibly save lives. In one of our studies, nanopore is introduced to rapidly detect BRAF 1799 T-A mutation (V600E), with the help of an Ap-dA cross-link right at the mutation site. These sequence-specific crosslinks are formed upon strong covalent interactions between probe based abasic sites (Ap) and target based deoxy-adenosine (dA) residues. Duplexes stabilized by the crosslink complexes create indefinite blocking signatures when captured in the nanopore, creating a high contrast compared to the "spike-like" translocations events produced by the un-crosslinked and wildtype duplexes. Those consistent blocking events couldn't be resolved unless an inverted voltage is applied. In a 1:1 BRAF mutant-wildtype mixture, the nanopore can successfully discriminate between the two sequences in a quantitative manner. In summary, nanopore paired with sequence-specific crosslink can detect a specific type of SNP with a high contrast manner. In another study, nanopore sensing is modified to be capable of detections with multiple SNPs in a single detection mix. To achieve this, an RNA homopolymer barcode is integrated into the probe sequence so nanopore can read out a distinctive level signature when the target-probe duplex is de-hybridizing through the pore. Since different RNA homopolymers (e.g. Poly rA and Poly rC) can generate signature levels distinctive from each other and other DNA sequences, they can be applied to generate characteristic patterns that simultaneously highlight multiple SNPs in the mixture. In this study, we assigned two different RNA barcodes (Poly rA and Poly rC) to label KRAS G12D and Tp53 R172H SNPs (both T[right arrow]A mutations) in the solution. During nanopore readout, the KRAS G12D containing duplex generates a "downward" step pattern but Tp53 R172H always has an "upward" step pattern, the high contrast between those two patterns makes recognition easy enough with naked eyes, and further statistical analysis is unnecessary. Theoretically, at least four different barcodes can be implemented at the same time, furthermore, the length of the barcode can also affect the barcode pattern. Thus, in theory, a panel of more than 10 SNPs can be identified simultaneously.Includes bibliographical reference
Universal Trade-off Between Irreversibility and Relaxation Timescale
We establish a general lower bound for the entropy production rate based on
the Kullback-Leibler divergence and the Logarithmic-Sobolev constant that
characterizes the time-scale of relaxation. This bound can be considered as an
enhanced second law of thermodynamics. As a crucial application, we find a
universal trade-off relation between the dissipation rate and relaxation
timescale in thermal relaxation. Importantly, we show that a thermodynamic
upper bound on the relaxation time between two given states follows directly
from the trade-off relation, serving as an inverse speed limit throughout the
entire time region. Our findings unveil some hidden universal behaviors of
thermal relaxation processes, which can also be extended to open quantum
systems.Comment: 6 + 7 pages, 1 figures. All comments are welcom
Fair and Optimal Classification via Transports to Wasserstein-Barycenter
Fairness in automated decision-making systems has gained increasing attention
as their applications expand to real-world high-stakes domains. To facilitate
the design of fair ML systems, it is essential to understand the potential
trade-offs between fairness and predictive power, and the construction of the
optimal predictor under a given fairness constraint. In this paper, for general
classification problems under the group fairness criterion of demographic
parity (DP), we precisely characterize the trade-off between DP and
classification accuracy, referred to as the minimum cost of fairness. Our
insight comes from the key observation that finding the optimal fair classifier
is equivalent to solving a Wasserstein-barycenter problem under -norm
restricted to the vertices of the probability simplex. Inspired by our
characterization, we provide a construction of an optimal fair classifier
achieving this minimum cost via the composition of the Bayes regressor and
optimal transports from its output distributions to the barycenter. Our
construction naturally leads to an algorithm for post-processing any
pre-trained predictor to satisfy DP fairness, complemented with finite sample
guarantees. Experiments on real-world datasets verify and demonstrate the
effectiveness of our approaches.Comment: Code is at https://github.com/rxian/fair-classificatio
CDO pricing using single factor MG-NIG copula model with stochastic correlation and random factor loading
AbstractWe consider the valuation of CDO tranches with single factor MG-NIG copula model, where the involved distributions are mixtures of Gaussian distribution and NIG distribution. In addition, we consider two cases for stochastic correlation and random factor loadings instead of constant factor loadings. We analyze the unconditional characteristic function of accumulated loss of the reference portfolio, and derive the loss distribution through the fast Fourier transform. Moreover, using the loss distribution and semi-analytic approach, we can get the CDO tranches spreads
Fast Functionalization with High Performance in the Autonomous Information Engine
Mandal and Jarzynski have proposed a fully autonomous information heat
engine, consisting of a demon, a mass and a memory register interacting with a
thermal reservoir. This device converts thermal energy into mechanical work by
writing information to a memory register, or conversely, erasing information by
consuming mechanical work. Here, we derive a speed limit inequality between the
relaxation time of state transformation and the distance between the initial
and final distributions, where the combination of the dynamical activity and
entropy production plays an important role. Such inequality provides a hint
that a speed-performance trade-off relation exists between the relaxation time
to functional state and the average production. To obtain fast
functionalization while maintaining the performance, we show that the
relaxation dynamics of information heat engine can be accelerated significantly
by devising an optimal initial state of the demon. Our design principle is
inspired by the so-called Mpemba effect, where water freezes faster when
initially heated.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures; all comments are welcom
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