Should we agree to disagree? An evaluation of the inter-rater reliability of gait quality traits in Franches-Montagnes stallions

Gait quality, that is, the way horses move according to functional and aesthetic principles, englobes many traits that are scored by experts during breeding competitions. The experts can score a trait on a subjective valuating (SV) scale or on a linear profiling (LP) scale representing the biological extremes of the population. However, the reliability of the appraisal of gait quality traits has not been extensively evaluated. In this study, seven breed experts appraised the walk and trot quality of 24 Franches-Montagnes stallions presented in hand on a sand track. Inter-rater reliabilities of six traits (five SV and one LP) at the walk and eight traits (five SV and three LP) at the trot were estimated with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). The inter-rater reliabilities were poor (ICC < 0.50). The scale anchoring varied between experts, and the variance of scores was low. There were no systematic differences in inter-rater reliability between LP and SV traits. Future studies should determine whether the inter-rater reliabilities may be increased by a more precise definition of the scores within each trait to improve the absolute agreement between experts, by a more uniform scale anchoring between experts, and by decreasing the number of scale items. However, considering the inherent limitations of the human eye in observing high-speed movement, the use of a field-applicable kinematic measurement system may support breeding experts in the appraisal of gait quality traits in the future

Pattern of Social Interactions after Group Integration: A Possibility to Keep Stallions in Group

Horses are often kept in individual stables, rather than in outdoor groups, despite such housing system fulfilling many of their welfare needs, such as the access to social partners. Keeping domestic stallions in outdoor groups would mimic bachelor bands that are found in the wild. Unfortunately, the high level of aggression that unfamiliar stallions display when they first encounter each other discourages owners from keeping them in groups. However, this level of aggression is likely to be particularly important only during group integration, when the dominance hierarchy is being established, whereas relatively low aggression rates have been observed among stable feral bachelor bands. We investigated the possibility of housing breeding stallions owned by the Swiss National Stud in groups on a large pasture (5 stallions in 2009 and 8 stallions in 2010). We studied the pattern of agonistic, ritual and affiliative interactions after group integration (17–23 days), and the factors influencing these interactions (time after group integration, dominance rank, age or experience of group housing). We found that stallions displayed generally more ritual than agonistic and than affiliative interactions. The frequency of agonistic and ritual interactions decreased quickly within the first three to four days. The frequency of affiliative interactions increased slowly with time before decreasing after 9–14 days. A stable hierarchy could be measured after 2–3 months. The highest-ranking males had less ritual interactions than the lowest-ranking. Males had also less agonistic, ritual and affiliative interactions if they had already been housed in a group the previous year. Therefore, we found that breeding stallions could be housed together on a large pasture, because the frequency of agonistic interactions decreased quickly and remained at a minimal level from the fourth day following group integration. This housing system could potentially increase horse welfare and reduce labour associated with horse management.ISSN:1932-620

Pattern of Social Interactions after Group Integration: A Possibility to Keep Stallions in Group

Horses are often kept in individual stables, rather than in outdoor groups, despite such housing system fulfilling many of their welfare needs, such as the access to social partners. Keeping domestic stallions in outdoor groups would mimic bachelor bands that are found in the wild. Unfortunately, the high level of aggression that unfamiliar stallions display when they first encounter each other discourages owners from keeping them in groups. However, this level of aggression is likely to be particularly important only during group integration, when the dominance hierarchy is being established, whereas relatively low aggression rates have been observed among stable feral bachelor bands. We investigated the possibility of housing breeding stallions owned by the Swiss National Stud in groups on a large pasture (5 stallions in 2009 and 8 stallions in 2010). We studied the pattern of agonistic, ritual and affiliative interactions after group integration (17–23 days), and the factors influencing these interactions (time after group integration, dominance rank, age or experience of group housing). We found that stallions displayed generally more ritual than agonistic and than affiliative interactions. The frequency of agonistic and ritual interactions decreased quickly within the first three to four days. The frequency of affiliative interactions increased slowly with time before decreasing after 9–14 days. A stable hierarchy could be measured after 2–3 months. The highest-ranking males had less ritual interactions than the lowest-ranking. Males had also less agonistic, ritual and affiliative interactions if they had already been housed in a group the previous year. Therefore, we found that breeding stallions could be housed together on a large pasture, because the frequency of agonistic interactions decreased quickly and remained at a minimal level from the fourth day following group integration. This housing system could potentially increase horse welfare and reduce labour associated with horse management

Pattern of Social Interactions after Group Integration: A Possibility to Keep Stallions in Group

Horses are often kept in individual stables, rather than in outdoor groups, despite such housing system fulfilling many of their welfare needs, such as the access to social partners. Keeping domestic stallions in outdoor groups would mimic bachelor bands that are found in the wild. Unfortunately, the high level of aggression that unfamiliar stallions display when they first encounter each other discourages owners from keeping them in groups. However, this level of aggression is likely to be particularly important only during group integration, when the dominance hierarchy is being established, whereas relatively low aggression rates have been observed among stable feral bachelor bands. We investigated the possibility of housing breeding stallions owned by the Swiss National Stud in groups on a large pasture (5 stallions in 2009 and 8 stallions in 2010). We studied the pattern of agonistic, ritual and affiliative interactions after group integration (17–23 days), and the factors influencing these interactions (time after group integration, dominance rank, age or experience of group housing). We found that stallions displayed generally more ritual than agonistic and than affiliative interactions. The frequency of agonistic and ritual interactions decreased quickly within the first three to four days. The frequency of affiliative interactions increased slowly with time before decreasing after 9–14 days. A stable hierarchy could be measured after 2–3 months. The highest-ranking males had less ritual interactions than the lowest-ranking. Males had also less agonistic, ritual and affiliative interactions if they had already been housed in a group the previous year. Therefore, we found that breeding stallions could be housed together on a large pasture, because the frequency of agonistic interactions decreased quickly and remained at a minimal level from the fourth day following group integration. This housing system could potentially increase horse welfare and reduce labour associated with horse management

Repeatability, reproducibility and consistency of horse shape data and its association with linearly described conformation traits in Franches-Montagnes stallions.

Linear description (LD) of conformation traits was introduced in horse breeding to minimise subjectivity in scoring. However, recent studies have shown that LD traits show essentially the same problems as traditionally scored traits, such as data converging around the mean value with very small standard deviations. To improve the assessment of conformation traits of horses, we investigated the application of the recently described horse shape space model based upon 403 digitised photographs of 243 Franches-Montagnes (FM) stallions and extracted joint angles based on specific landmark triplets. Repeatability, reproducibility and consistency of the resulting shape data and joint angles were assessed with Procrustes ANOVA (Rep) and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Furthermore, we developed a subjective score to classify the posture of the horses on each photograph. We derived relative warp scores (PCs) based upon the digitised photos conducting a principal component analysis (PCA). The PCs of the shapes and joint angles were compared to the posture scores and to the linear description data using linear mixed effect models including significant posture scores as random factors. The digitisation process was highly repeatable and reproducible for the shape (Rep = 0.72-0.99, ICC = 0.99). The consistency of the shape was limited by the age and posture (p < 0.05). The angle measurements were highly repeatable within one digitiser. Between digitisers, we found a higher variability of ICC values (ICC = 0.054-0.92), indicating digitising error in specific landmarks (e.g. shoulder point). The posture scores were highly repeatable (Fleiss' kappa = 0.713-0.857). We identified significant associations (p(X2) < 0.05) with traits describing the withers height, shoulder length and incline, overall leg conformation, walk and trot step length. The horse shape data and angles provide additional information to explore the morphology of horses and therefore can be applied to improve the knowledge of the genetic architecture of LD traits

Genome-Wide Association Studies Based on Equine Joint Angle Measurements Reveal New QTL Affecting the Conformation of Horses

The evaluation of conformation traits is an important part of selection for breeding stallions and mares. Some of these judged conformation traits involve joint angles that are associated with performance, health, and longevity. To improve our understanding of the genetic background of joint angles in horses, we have objectively measured the angles of the poll, elbow, carpal, fetlock (front and hind), hip, stifle, and hock joints based on one photograph of each of the 300 Franches-Montagnes (FM) and 224 Lipizzan (LIP) horses. After quality control, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for these traits were performed on 495 horses, using 374,070 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a mixed-effect model. We identified two significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the poll angle on ECA28 (p = 1.36 &#215; 10&#8722;7), 50 kb downstream of the ALX1 gene, involved in cranial morphology, and for the elbow joint on ECA29 (p = 1.69 &#215; 10&#8722;7), 49 kb downstream of the RSU1 gene, and 75 kb upstream of the PTER gene. Both genes are associated with bone mineral density in humans. Furthermore, we identified other suggestive QTL associated with the stifle joint on ECA8 (p = 3.10 &#215; 10&#8722;7); the poll on ECA1 (p = 6.83 &#215; 10&#8722;7); the fetlock joint of the hind limb on ECA27 (p = 5.42 &#215; 10&#8722;7); and the carpal joint angle on ECA3 (p = 6.24 &#215; 10&#8722;7), ECA4 (p = 6.07 &#215; 10&#8722;7), and ECA7 (p = 8.83 &#215; 10&#8722;7). The application of angular measurements in genetic studies may increase our understanding of the underlying genetic effects of important traits in equine breeding

Dominance hierarchy after one, two and three months (final rank) following group integration.

<p>The hierarchy appeared stable after two (2010) to three months (2009) following group integration. Higher dominance ranks indicate higher-ranking males.</p

Models fit to investigate the effects of the time after group integration (“Hours”), the age (“Age”) and the dominance rank (“Rank”) of stallions, and their experience of group housing (“Experience”) on the frequency of interactions (agonistic, ritual or affiliative).

<p><i>Note.</i> The response variable (category of interaction) and fixed effect(s) included in the models are indicated. The fit of the models is assessed by Akaike’s information criterion corrected for small sample sizes (AIC_C): the lowest value for a given response variable (i.e. set of models) indicates the best fit (in bold). ΔAIC_C gives the difference in AIC_C between each model and the best model. The Akaike’s weights (<i>wi</i>) assess the relative support that a given model has from the data, compared to other candidate models in the set. The evidence ratio (ER) is the ratio between the Akaike’s weight of the best model and that of a competing one. Results of the likelihood-ratio tests (<i>χ²</i> and <i>p</i>) used to compare the various models (“Model comparison”) and to assess statistical significance of the factors are indicated (significant results are in bold). Fixed effects: “Hours” indicates a linear term, “log(Hours)” a log term and “Hours²” a quadratic term (indicating that both linear and quadratic terms were included in the model).</p

List and description of the interactions scored after group integration.

<p>The categories of interactions that were included in the analyses are shown in bold and the behaviours scored are in italic. A short description of the behaviours is included when needed (see also <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0054688#pone.0054688-Fureix1" target="_blank">[3]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0054688#pone.0054688-Bourjade2" target="_blank">[17]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0054688#pone.0054688-McDonnell1" target="_blank">[19]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0054688#pone.0054688-Feist1" target="_blank">[22]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0054688#pone.0054688-McDonnell2" target="_blank">[32]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0054688#pone.0054688-Jrgensen1" target="_blank">[33]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0054688#pone.0054688-Zharkikh1" target="_blank">[36]</a>).</p