PROBLEMS IN RESEARCH RAISING OUT OF ILLUSION

Research plays an important role in our life. In research, speaking the truth is a difficult task but it is a requirement of research. The search for truth is called research. There are many difficulties in the way of research. But some problems are caused by convenience and haste and carelessness. Ambiguity (Iltibas) also arises as a result of this haste. Ambiguity (Iltibas) means doubting one thing over another. If there are two authors of the same name, the probability increases and the situation becomes like the author of a “Nairang-e-Khiyal”. Identifying these errors make new ways for researchers. &nbsp

Use of Misoprostol for Induction of Labour

Background: To find out safety and efficacy of Misoprostol in induction of labour at term in women with live fetus through vaginal versus sublingual route Methods: In this cross sectional study, total of 200 pregnant women at term (37-42 week) with live fetus were selected randomly for induction of labour with tab misoprostol. These women were divided in two groups with 100 women in each group. Misoprostol was administered in a dose of 50 microgram (1/4th tab),in group I through vaginal route and in group II through sublingual route. Maximum of three doses were given in 24 hours and resumed on next day if there was no improvement. Results: Number of doses of misoprostol used for induction of labour was less than two in 68% cases in group I and 78% cases in group II, while more than two doses were used in 32%cases in vaginal group and 22% in sublingual group. Administration to induction interval was less than 12 hours in 60% cases in vaginal group and 80% cases in sublingual group. Total duration of labour was less than 8 hours, seen in more cases of sublingual group than vaginal group i.e56% versus 40%. Vaginal delivery was achieved in 60% cases in vaginal group and 70%cases in sublingual group with rate of caesarean section 40% versus 30% respectively. Regarding fetal outcome, fetal distress and meconium stained liquor was seen in 26% and 24% cases in vaginal and sublingual groups respectively, showing no significant difference between two groups. However neonatal intensive care unit(NICU) admissions were more in vaginal group than sublingual group i.e. 30% versus 20%.There were 100% live births in both groups with ENND (early neonatal death)02% in each group. Maternal out come was good in both groups. Uterine hyperstimulation was seen in 02%cases in each group while only two cases of fever were seen in sublingual group. There was no case of post partum haemorrhage (PPH) and no maternal death in both groups.. Conclusion: Misoprostol is effective for induction of labour at term with live fetus, more through sublingual than vaginal route. Its safety and efficacy can be further ensured by using lower dosage regimes.

Common variants in CLDN2 and MORC4 genes confer disease susceptibility in patients with chronic pancreatitis

A recent Genome-wide Association Study (GWAS) identified association with variants in X-linked CLDN2 and MORC4 and PRSS1-PRSS2 loci with Chronic Pancreatitis (CP) in North American patients of European ancestry. We selected 9 variants from the reported GWAS and replicated the association with CP in Indian patients by genotyping 1807 unrelated Indians of Indo-European ethnicity, including 519 patients with CP and 1288 controls. The etiology of CP was idiopathic in 83.62% and alcoholic in 16.38% of 519 patients. Our study confirmed a significant association of 2 variants in CLDN2 gene (rs4409525—OR 1.71, P = 1.38 x 10-09; rs12008279—OR 1.56, P = 1.53 x 10-04) and 2 variants in MORC4 gene (rs12688220—OR 1.72, P = 9.20 x 10-09; rs6622126—OR 1.75, P = 4.04x10-05) in Indian patients with CP. We also found significant association at PRSS1-PRSS2 locus (OR 0.60; P = 9.92 x 10-06) and SAMD12-TNFRSF11B (OR 0.49, 95% CI [0.31–0.78], P = 0.0027). A variant in the gene MORC4 (rs12688220) showed significant interaction with alcohol (OR for homozygous and heterozygous risk allele -14.62 and 1.51 respectively, P = 0.0068) suggesting gene-environment interaction. A combined analysis of the genes CLDN2 and MORC4 based on an effective risk allele score revealed a higher percentage of individuals homozygous for the risk allele in CP cases with 5.09 fold enhanced risk in individuals with 7 or more effective risk alleles compared with individuals with 3 or less risk alleles (P = 1.88 x 10-14). Genetic variants in CLDN2 and MORC4 genes were associated with CP in Indian patients

Effects of antibiotic resistance, drug target attainment, bacterial pathogenicity and virulence, and antibiotic access and affordability on outcomes in neonatal sepsis: an international microbiology and drug evaluation prospective substudy (BARNARDS)

Background Sepsis is a major contributor to neonatal mortality, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). WHO advocates ampicillin–gentamicin as first-line therapy for the management of neonatal sepsis. In the BARNARDS observational cohort study of neonatal sepsis and antimicrobial resistance in LMICs, common sepsis pathogens were characterised via whole genome sequencing (WGS) and antimicrobial resistance profiles. In this substudy of BARNARDS, we aimed to assess the use and efficacy of empirical antibiotic therapies commonly used in LMICs for neonatal sepsis. Methods In BARNARDS, consenting mother–neonates aged 0–60 days dyads were enrolled on delivery or neonatal presentation with suspected sepsis at 12 BARNARDS clinical sites in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Rwanda, and South Africa. Stillborn babies were excluded from the study. Blood samples were collected from neonates presenting with clinical signs of sepsis, and WGS and minimum inhibitory concentrations for antibiotic treatment were determined for bacterial isolates from culture-confirmed sepsis. Neonatal outcome data were collected following enrolment until 60 days of life. Antibiotic usage and neonatal outcome data were assessed. Survival analyses were adjusted to take into account potential clinical confounding variables related to the birth and pathogen. Additionally, resistance profiles, pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic probability of target attainment, and frequency of resistance (ie, resistance defined by in-vitro growth of isolates when challenged by antibiotics) were assessed. Questionnaires on health structures and antibiotic costs evaluated accessibility and affordability. Findings Between Nov 12, 2015, and Feb 1, 2018, 36 285 neonates were enrolled into the main BARNARDS study, of whom 9874 had clinically diagnosed sepsis and 5749 had available antibiotic data. The four most commonly prescribed antibiotic combinations given to 4451 neonates (77·42%) of 5749 were ampicillin–gentamicin, ceftazidime–amikacin, piperacillin–tazobactam–amikacin, and amoxicillin clavulanate–amikacin. This dataset assessed 476 prescriptions for 442 neonates treated with one of these antibiotic combinations with WGS data (all BARNARDS countries were represented in this subset except India). Multiple pathogens were isolated, totalling 457 isolates. Reported mortality was lower for neonates treated with ceftazidime–amikacin than for neonates treated with ampicillin–gentamicin (hazard ratio [adjusted for clinical variables considered potential confounders to outcomes] 0·32, 95% CI 0·14–0·72; p=0·0060). Of 390 Gram-negative isolates, 379 (97·2%) were resistant to ampicillin and 274 (70·3%) were resistant to gentamicin. Susceptibility of Gram-negative isolates to at least one antibiotic in a treatment combination was noted in 111 (28·5%) to ampicillin–gentamicin; 286 (73·3%) to amoxicillin clavulanate–amikacin; 301 (77·2%) to ceftazidime–amikacin; and 312 (80·0%) to piperacillin–tazobactam–amikacin. A probability of target attainment of 80% or more was noted in 26 neonates (33·7% [SD 0·59]) of 78 with ampicillin–gentamicin; 15 (68·0% [3·84]) of 27 with amoxicillin clavulanate–amikacin; 93 (92·7% [0·24]) of 109 with ceftazidime–amikacin; and 70 (85·3% [0·47]) of 76 with piperacillin–tazobactam–amikacin. However, antibiotic and country effects could not be distinguished. Frequency of resistance was recorded most frequently with fosfomycin (in 78 isolates [68·4%] of 114), followed by colistin (55 isolates [57·3%] of 96), and gentamicin (62 isolates [53·0%] of 117). Sites in six of the seven countries (excluding South Africa) stated that the cost of antibiotics would influence treatment of neonatal sepsis

اردو ادب کی روایت میں تصور انسان

In this article, concept of man in urdu literature is discussed. Urdu, fiction and poetry takeinterest in presenting man in different perspective.</p

اقبال کا نظریہ حیات بعد الموت

Death is not the end of human life. It is rather one of the stages of the evolution of actual and spiritual life. For Iqbal, physical death is nothing more than a transition from one condition to another condition. After death, the physical part decomposes and becomes the part of the underground. However, the spiritual part i.e. The Soul remains alive and it exists after death. Hence, life is evolutionary and death is a stage in this evolution. Life after death is the restoration of the previously held life. The life after death depends on the earthly life. The earthly life is actually a preparation for the life hereafter. This instance paper explains "Iqbal's Theory of Life after Death".

امتیاز علی خان عرشی کا ’’دیوانِ غالب‘‘ (نمایاں خدو خال تدوین کے اُصولوں کی روشنی میں)

The history of Urdu literature is incomplete without Mirza Ghalib. He is one of those stalwarts of Urdu literature whose art is multidimensional. This diversity in Ghalib is such an in fathomable ocean which motivates the researchers to wade through it."Nuskha e Arshi" is considered to be the most authentic among the compiled and edited work of Ghalib. This article is a humble attempt to investigate "Nuskha e Arshi" in accordance with the established paradigms of compilation and that of the opinions of researchers. It will help paving the way for new researchers to quench their

صدیق سالک کا ’’پریشر کُکر‘‘ معاشرتی تناظر کے آئینے میں

Siddiq Salik was born on September 6 at Distt. Kharian, Punjab. His father was an average farmer having some agricultural land. He was just a toddler when his father passed away leaving a young widow with four kids to face the hardships of the world. The inherited land was usurped by his paternal uncle. Despite unfavourable circumstances his mother Aalim Bibi played her role heroically and educate him along with his three sisters utilizing her limited resources. According to rural tradition he completed recitation of the Holy Quran first and then got admission in the School. After passing 9th grade he left school and appeared as a private candidate for Matriculation exams. He bagged 1st position among all the private candidates. From Zamindar college, Gujrat he did F. A and did graduation from Islamia College, Lahore. From the same institution he got Masters degree in English literature. In 1963 he got diploma in International Relations from Punjab University, Lahore and joined Journalism. On December 17,1964 he got commission in Pak Army as a public Relations officer. During 1971 war he was imprisoned and declared POW. During imprisonment he wrote his memoir'Witness to Surrender'. Meanwhile his mother died in 1973 while he was still in India as a prisoner. When Martial law by Gen Zia was imposed on July 6,1977 he served as Press Secretary to President and wrote many speeches for him. In 1984 he was promoted as a Colonel and later on promoted to the rank of Brigadier in 1985.He was serving as Director General ISPR when killed in an air crash along with General Zia on August 17,1988. The title of his novel 'Pressure Cooker ' is symbolic. However, the said novel does not fall in the category of symbolic novel as there is no abstractionism in it.The article under review is an attempt to analyse Siddiq Salik's novel "Pressure Cooker" in the backdrop of current social perspective. It highlights not only a particular era when it was written but also mirrors the prevailing social set up of Pakistan under moral deterioration and crumbling values depict the decline of humanity. These exploiting others for personal benefit, is the foremost requisite and survival of the fittest is the only option. Innovation and logical thinking is discouraged in the grab of conservatism religious extremism

تدریسِ اُردو اکیسویں صدی کے تناظر میں: امکانات و مباحث (معاشی پہلو

In the second decade of the 21st century, the development &amp; growth of the world is speedy; and its mainly due to rapid economic growth. None can ignore the value of a language in the economic growth; for language is the tool of communication between the seller and buyer in the market place. This article reflects the use of Urdu in the economic growth. Furthermore, the ideas to make urdu a language for modern communication in economic sphere are discussed along with the balance of probabilities of its success

تدریس اردو کی مطبوعہ کتب کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ (ثانوی جماعتوں کے لیے)

Urdu is compulsory as well as optional subject for students till secondary level. At secondary school level the curriculum of Urdu is based on the best experiences and literature of their life. Their writings express the nature of mankind and experiences of life. Cultural heritage is transmitted through language and literature. Teaching of language is an art. Prose as well as poetry is also important part of Urdu curriculum. Grammar is an important part of language and without it teaching of any language is impossible. This article presents the research and critical analysis of the published books on Teaching of Urdu with special reference to the secondary level books.