Reply on the comment on the paper "Superconducting transition in Nb nanowires fabricated using focused ion beam"

In this communication we present our response to the recent comment of A. Engel regarding our paper on FIB- fabricated Nb nanowires (see Vol. 20 (2009) Pag. 465302). After further analysis and additional experimental evidence, we conclude that our interpretation of the experimental results in light of QPS theory is still valid when compared with the alternative proximity-based model as proposed by A. Engel.Comment: 3 pages, 1 figure, accepted by Nanotechnolog

Incentives for independent anti-corruption experts of normative legal acts and their projects

The article is devoted to the problem of incentives for independent anti-corruption experts conducting examination of normative legal acts and their project

Mediation as an alternative dispute resolution: world experience

The present paper is devoted to the application of mediation as an alternative dispute resolution procedure. It defines features of the legal regulation of mediation procedures in different countries and legal systems, such as United States, European Union, China, and Russian Federation. In addition, the main principles of mediation and their implementation in different legal systems are analyzed in this pape

Legal regulation of public companies in the countries of the anglo-saxon legal system

The article provides an overview of public corporation legal regulation in the Anglo-American law. The article defines the peculiarities of legal regulation of public companies in the USA and the UK. It also identifies requirements that public companies must meet. A comparative analysis was conducted concerning the organization and the activities of public and private companie

Regulamentação legal de empresas públicas nos países do sistema jurídico anglo-saxão

The article provides an overview of public corporation legal regulation in the Anglo-American law. The article defines the peculiarities of legal regulation of public companies in the USA and the UK. It also identifies requirements that public companies must meet. A comparative analysis was conducted concerning the organization and the activities of public and private companies. Similarities in the legal regulation of public companies in the United States and the United Kingdom are due to the fact that the American and British legal systems have the same historical roots.El artículo proporciona una descripción general de la regulación legal de las corporaciones públicas en la ley angloamericana. El artículo define las peculiaridades de la regulación legal de las empresas públicas en los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido. También identifica los requisitos que deben cumplir las empresas públicas. Se realizó un análisis comparativo sobre la organización y las actividades de las empresas públicas y privadas. Las similitudes en la regulación legal de las empresas públicas en los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido se deben al hecho de que los sistemas legales estadounidense y británico tienen las mismas raíces históricas.O artigo fornece uma visão geral da regulamentação legal de empresas públicas na lei anglo-americana. O artigo define as peculiaridades da regulamentação legal de empresas públicas nos EUA e no Reino Unido. Ele também identifica os requisitos que as empresas públicas devem atender. Uma análise comparativa foi realizada sobre a organização e as atividades de empresas públicas e privadas. As semelhanças na regulamentação legal das empresas públicas nos Estados Unidos e no Reino Unido devem-se ao fato de que os sistemas jurídicos americano e britânico têm as mesmas raízes históricas

Creation of pure non-crystalline diamond nanostructures via room-temperature ion irradiation and subsequent thermal annealing

Carbon exhibits a remarkable range of structural forms, due to the availability of sp3, sp2 and sp1 chemical bonds. Contrarily to other group IV elements such as silicon and germanium, the formation of an amorphous phase based exclusively on sp3 bonds is extremely challenging due to the strongly favored formation of graphitic-like structures at room 19 temperature and pressure. As such, the formation of a fully sp3-bonded carbon phase requires 20 an extremely careful (and largely unexplored) definition of the pressure and temperature across the phase diagram. Here, we report on the possibility of creating full-sp3 amorphous nanostructures within the bulk crystal of diamond with room-temperature ion-beam irradiation, followed by an annealing process that does not involve the application of any external mechanical pressure. As confirmed by numerical simulations, the (previously unreported) radiation-damage-induced formation of an amorphous sp2-free phase in diamond is determined by the buildup of extremely high internal stresses from the surrounding lattice, which (in the case of nanometer-scale regions) fully prevent the graphitization process. Besides the relevance of understanding the formation of exotic carbon phases, the use of focused/collimated ion beams discloses appealing perspectives for the direct fabrication of such nanostructures in complex three-dimensional geometries

Nonlinear formation of dynamic holograms and multiwave mixing in resonant media

The schemes of light beam transformations by volume dynamic holograms in resonant media revealing the fifth- or higher-order nonlinearities have been theoretically analyzed. N-wave mixing has been realized by changing of the propagation direction or frequency of the read-out wave in the solution of Rhodamine 6G and polymethine 3274U dyes. It has been demonstrated that the experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical data obtained for a three-level medium model with due regard to absorption from the excited singlet level

Near coalescent submicron polycrystalline diamond films deposited on silicon: hydrogen bonding and thermal enhanced carbide formation

The influence of high temperature annealing up to 1200 °C in vacuum on ∼100 nm nearly continuous thick diamond films consisting of 30-50 nm crystallites, deposited onto silicon substrates is reported. The hydrogen bonding and phase composition of the films were studied with Raman spectroscopy, while the surface microstructure and composition were studied with high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Annealing to 800-900 °C of ∼100 nm thick films results in a decrease in the intensities of the peaks associated with hydrogen bonding (Raman), as well as changes to the morphological microstructure at the film surface. Heating the films to 1000 °C resulted in the complete disappearance of the Raman peaks associated with hydrogen bonding at grain boundaries, and an increase in the relative intensity of the diamond peak relative to the graphite-related D and G Raman peaks, concomitant with changes to the microstructure (SEM and TEM). Ex situ XP analysis of the films annealed to 800 and 1000 °C provides clear evidence for the formation of SiC on the films surface and near surface region. However a sharp SiC Raman peak at 796 cm-1 appears only after annealing to 1200 °C and it is concomitant with a decrease in the Raman peaks associated with sp2 bonded carbon. Our results suggest that formation of SiC phase preferentially consumes sp2/sp hybridized carbon matrix, produced by thermal desorption of hydrogen atoms at diamond grain boundary and at the diamond film-silicon substrate interface