Evaluación de alternativas alimenticias de cerdos en crecimiento en el Valle de Oxapampa, Pasco

He research was conducted in the district and province of Oxapampa, Pasco Region, in order to evaluate new alternatives inputs feeding gorrinos growing in different production systems in the Valley of Oxapampa - Pasco, using as a basis the sweet potato forage. The research was experimental, completely randomized design. The experimental unit were gorrinos male 2 months of age, race crosses (Landrace x Pietrain), which were distributed 3 animals per treatment. The foods were weighed daily prior to delivery and weights were weekly, which allowed us to determine the study variables. The data were processed with the system analysis statistic. The use in the daily ration (in confinement and / or grazing), of the sweet potato association (root and forage) + balanced feed, constitute an alternative in the feeding of pigs in the stage of fattening and finishing by the positive effect in the increase in weight and feed conversion, replacing 70 % of the diet. The use of sweet potato in Peru can replace corn as a protein supplement, with favorable results. It was taken into consideration that the supply of sweet potato silage (root + forage), has limitations of use, because it has little palatability for the animal; however, the use of alternative local food resources such as sweet potato is recommended, under balanced conditions in the food mix, in the growth or end stage, due to its great contribution of protein and energy source in the pig.El trabajo de investigación se desarrolló en el distrito y provincia de Oxapampa, región Pasco, con el objetivo de evaluar nuevas alternativas de insumos en la alimentación de gorrinos en crecimiento en diferentes sistemas de producción en el Valle de Oxapampa – Pasco, empleando como base el camote forrajero. El tipo de investigación fue experimental, diseño completamente al azar. La unidad experimental fueron gorrinos machos de 2 meses de edad, de raza cruza (Landrace x Pietrain), que fueron distribuidos 3 animales por tratamiento. Los alimentos fueron pesados diariamente antes de su suministro y los pesos fueron semanalmente, los que permitieron determinar las variables de estudio. Los datos fueron procesados con el sistema de análisis estadístico. El uso en la ración diaria (en confinamiento y/o al pastoreo), de la asociación camote (raíz y forraje) + alimento balanceado, constituyen una alternativa en la alimentación de cerdos en la etapa de engorde y acabado por el efecto positivo en el incremento de peso y conversión alimenticia, reemplazando al 70 % de la dieta.  El uso del camote en el Perú puede sustituir al maíz como suplemento proteico, con resultados favorables. Se tuvo en consideración que el suministro del ensilado de camote (raíz + forraje), tiene limitaciones de uso, por tener poca palatabilidad para el animal; sin embargo se recomienda el uso de recursos alimenticios alternativos locales como el camote, en condiciones balanceadas en la mezcla de alimento, en etapa de crecimiento o finalización, por su gran aporte de fuente de proteína y energía en el cerdo

Contamination of Fruits, Soil Water Due to The Use of Agrochemicals in (Passiflora Ligularis), Oxapampa-Peru

The conventional agriculture allowed the farmers being dependent to the mass and frequent use of pesticides, originating contamination of fruits, ground, water of escorrentía. Objective was To Determine the concentration of metals weighed in Passiflora's fruits ligularis produced at grounds and escorrentía's water with remains of metals weighed by intensive agroquímicos's use at Oxapampa's district. Himself I utilize the Experimental Comparative Design No. Determined him Arsénico's concentration, Mercury, Plomo, Cadmio, Cobre in signs collected of fields of production of three (ABC) previous groups you poll farmers. Results: You met the. Arsenic 0.004mg/Kg (Ch1Af), mercury 0,002 mg/Kg (Ab1Af, Ab2Af), lead 0,005 mg/Kg ( Ab1Af ), cadmium 0,004 mg/Kg ( Ab1Af, Ch1Af, PaCf ), copper 0,5 mg/Kg ( Ch2Af ). Ground Arsénico Ch1As, ARP3Cs 0,08 mg/Kg, mercury Ch1As, ARP3Cs, SA2Cs, PaCs 0,08 mg/Kg; I seal with lead Ch1As, ARP2Cs, Ch2As, AcAs, PaCs 0,08 mg/Kg, cadmium Acuzazú AcAs, 0,3 mg/Kg, copper Ab2Bs, Ch1As 30 mg/Kg. Water down of escorrentia; Arsenic SA2Ca 0.005mg/Kg, mercury Ch2Aa 0,008 mg/Kg, lead CaBa, QllAa, Ch3Ba 0,005 mg/Kg, cadmium Ab2Ba, AcAa, SA1Ba 0,004 mg/Kg, copper SA1Ba 1,5 mg/Kg. Conclusion: You had loud moral values of concentration of metals weighed at ground, water, fruits passing the maximum permissible limit

Dinámica de crecimiento y valor nutricional del Pennisetum spp (cv. Maralfalfa) en tres edades de corte y dos épocas en el trópico peruano

The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of growth and nutritional value of Pennisetum spp (cv. Maralfalfa) at three cutting ages (45, 60 and 75 days) and at two times of the year (high and low rainfall) in the district of Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru. Plant height to flag leaf (AH), number of tillers (NT), green biomass (BV), dry matter (DM), in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DIVMS), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) were evaluated in a completely randomized design with a 3x2 factorial arrangement (cut-off age and time of year). The AH did not present significant differences for age at cutting (34.27±4.00, 210.08±4.00 and 251.14±4.00 cm for 45, 60 and 75 days, respectively), nor between seasons (191.91±3.26 and 205.09±3.26 cm in low and high precipitation, respectively). The NT did not show significant differences for age at cutting (54.56±3.26, 54.61±3.26 and 55.33±3.26 tillers for 45, 60 and 75 days of age, respectively) or between seasons (51.37±2.66 and 58.30±2.66 tillers in low and high precipitation, respectively). The DM in the season of high rainfall showed its highest value (12.59±0.50%) at 60 days of regrowth, while in the season of lower rainfall it was 15.65±0.50% at 75 days of cutting (p<0.05). DIVMS recorded its highest value at 45 days with 81.2±0.51 and 83.2±0.51% in times of higher and lower precipitation, respectively. The dry biomass showed interaction (p<0.05) between the age at cutting (45, 60 and 75 days) and the season (high and low rainfall). PC had better values in both seasons at 45 days of cutting with 11.08±0.43 and 16.06±0.43% in high and low rainfall, respectively (p<0.05). The CF recorded its highest value in the season of least precipitation at 60 days (25.19±0.24%) cut-off, and lower in the season of greatest precipitation at 75 days (27.5±0.24%) (p<0.05). The content of Ca and P in the period of high precipitation was higher (0.51±01%) at 45 days, while in the period of less precipitation Ca had similar results at 45 and 60 days (0.34±01%). It is concluded that the time of year and the cutting age influence the productive performance and nutritional quality of Maralfalfa grass under tropical conditions, with the best nutritional and production value at 60 days.El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la dinámica del crecimiento y valor nutricional del Pennisetum spp (cv. Maralfalfa) en tres edades de corte (45, 60 y 75 días) y en dos épocas del año (alta y baja precipitación) en el distrito de Oxapampa, Pasco, Perú. Se evaluó la altura a la hoja bandera (AH), número de macollos (NM), biomasa verde (BV), materia seca (MS), digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS), proteína cruda (PC), fibra cruda (FC), calcio (Ca) y fósforo (P) en un diseño completamente aleatorio con arreglo factorial 3x2 (edad de corte y época del año). La AH no presentó diferencias significativas para edad al corte (34.27±4.00, 210.08±4.00 y 251.14±4.00 cm para 45, 60 y 75 días, respectivamente), ni entre épocas (191.91±3.26 y 205.09±3.26 cm en baja y alta precipitación, respectivamente). El NM no evidenció diferencias significativas para edad al corte (54.56±3.26, 54.61±3.26 y 55.33±3.26 macollos para 45, 60 y 75 días de edad, respectivamente) ni entre épocas (51.37±2.66 y 58.30±2.66 macollos en baja y alta precipitación, respectivamente). La MS en época de alta precipitación mostró su mayor valor (12.59±0.50%) a los 60 días de rebrote, mientras que en la época de menor precipitación fue 15.65±0.50% a los 75 días de corte (p<0.05). La DIVMS registró su mayor valor a los 45 días con 81.2±0.51 y 83.2±0.51% en época de mayor y menor precipitación respectivamente. La biomasa seca evidenció interacción (p<0.05) entre la edad al corte (45, 60 y 75 días) y la época (alta y baja precipitación). La PC tuvo mejores valores en ambas épocas a los 45 días de corte con 11.08±0.43 y 16.06±0.43% en alta y baja precipitación, respectivamente (p<0.05). La FC registró su mayor valor en la época de menor precipitación a los 60 días (25.19±0.24%) de corte, y menor en época de mayor precipitación a los 75 días (27.5±0.24%) (p<0.05). El contenido de Ca y P en época de alta precipitación fue mayor (0.51±01%) a los 45 días, en tanto que en la época de menor precipitación el Ca tuvo similares resultados a los 45 y 60 días (0.34±01%). Se concluye que la época del año y la edad de corte influyen sobre el rendimiento productivo y la calidad nutricional del pasto Maralfalfa en condiciones de trópico, siendo el mejor valor nutricional y de producción a los 60 días

Evaluación de alternativas alimenticias de cerdos en crecimiento en el Valle de Oxapampa, Pasco

He research was conducted in the district and province of Oxapampa, Pasco Region, in order to evaluate new alternatives inputs feeding gorrinos growing in different production systems in the Valley of Oxapampa - Pasco, using as a basis the sweet potato forage. The research was experimental, completely randomized design. The experimental unit were gorrinos male 2 months of age, race crosses (Landrace x Pietrain), which were distributed 3 animals per treatment. The foods were weighed daily prior to delivery and weights were weekly, which allowed us to determine the study variables. The data were processed with the system analysis statistic. The use in the daily ration (in confinement and / or grazing), of the sweet potato association (root and forage) + balanced feed, constitute an alternative in the feeding of pigs in the stage of fattening and finishing by the positive effect in the increase in weight and feed conversion, replacing 70 % of the diet. The use of sweet potato in Peru can replace corn as a protein supplement, with favorable results. It was taken into consideration that the supply of sweet potato silage (root + forage), has limitations of use, because it has little palatability for the animal; however, the use of alternative local food resources such as sweet potato is recommended, under balanced conditions in the food mix, in the growth or end stage, due to its great contribution of protein and energy source in the pig.El trabajo de investigación se desarrolló en el distrito y provincia de Oxapampa, región Pasco, con el objetivo de evaluar nuevas alternativas de insumos en la alimentación de gorrinos en crecimiento en diferentes sistemas de producción en el Valle de Oxapampa – Pasco, empleando como base el camote forrajero. El tipo de investigación fue experimental, diseño completamente al azar. La unidad experimental fueron gorrinos machos de 2 meses de edad, de raza cruza (Landrace x Pietrain), que fueron distribuidos 3 animales por tratamiento. Los alimentos fueron pesados diariamente antes de su suministro y los pesos fueron semanalmente, los que permitieron determinar las variables de estudio. Los datos fueron procesados con el sistema de análisis estadístico. El uso en la ración diaria (en confinamiento y/o al pastoreo), de la asociación camote (raíz y forraje) + alimento balanceado, constituyen una alternativa en la alimentación de cerdos en la etapa de engorde y acabado por el efecto positivo en el incremento de peso y conversión alimenticia, reemplazando al 70 % de la dieta.  El uso del camote en el Perú puede sustituir al maíz como suplemento proteico, con resultados favorables. Se tuvo en consideración que el suministro del ensilado de camote (raíz + forraje), tiene limitaciones de uso, por tener poca palatabilidad para el animal; sin embargo se recomienda el uso de recursos alimenticios alternativos locales como el camote, en condiciones balanceadas en la mezcla de alimento, en etapa de crecimiento o finalización, por su gran aporte de fuente de proteína y energía en el cerdo

Effects of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care. We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care