Prunella vulgaris: A comprehensive review of chemical constituents, pharmacological effects and clinical applications.

Prunella vulgaris (PV) is a perennial herb belonging to the Labiate family and is widely distributed in northeastern Asian countries such as Korea, Japan, and China. It is reported to display diverse biological activities including anti-microbial, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammation as determined by in vitro or in vivo studies. So far, about 200 compounds have been isolated from PV plant and majority of these have been characterized mainly as triterpenoids, sterols and flavonoids, followed by coumarins, phenylpropanoids, polysaccharides and volatile oils. This review summarizes and analyzes the current knowledge on the chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, mechanisms of action and clinical applications of the PV plant including its potential as a future medicinal plant. Although some of the chemical constituents of the PV plant and their mechanism of action have been investigated the biological activities of many of these remain unknown and further clinical trials are required to further enhance its reputation as a medicinal plant

Steganalysis of compressed speech to detect covert voice over Internet protocol channels

A network covert channel is a passage along which information leaks across the network in violation of security policy in a completely undetectable manner. This study reveals our findings in analysing the principle of G.723.1 codec that there are `unused' bits in G.723.1 encoded audio frames, which can be used to embed secret messages. A novel steganalysis method that employs the second detection and regression analysis is suggested in this study. The proposed method can not only detect the hidden message embedded in a compressed voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) speech, but also accurately estimate the embedded message length. The method is based on the second statistics, that is, doing a second steganography (embedding information in a sampled speech at an embedding rate followed by embedding another information at a different level of data embedding) in order to estimate the hidden message length. Experimental results have proven the effectiveness of the steganalysis method for detecting the covert channel in the compressed VoIP speech

Range in digestible energy and true ileal digestible lysine content of Australian barley samples

Nutritionists have a limited ability to account for variation that can exist in the nutritional quality of feed ingredients (van Barneveld, 1999). To demonstrate the range in nutritional quality that can exist within a widely used feed grain such as barley in a single year, the digestible energy (DE) and true ileal digestible lysine (TIDL) content of 11 samples were assessed