Gestión urbanística, financiera y valoraciones

Grau en Enginyeria en Edificació. ED0931: Gestió Urbanística i Financera, Valoracions i Taxacion

Exploring residential urban form patterns: a Spanish case study

Rapid urban growth in recent years has increasingly compromised urban environments and made urban sustainability assessment quite challenging. Breaking down the city structure into smaller systems enables its complexity to be simplified. This work provides a methodology for defining the urban taxonomy of cities by characterizing the urban form patterns of its residential building stock into four different scales. The methodology enables the urban morphology of the city to be standardized, overcoming the barrier of building stock heterogeneity posed by cities, and considers a comprehensive review of the historic and urban planning development as starting point. The methodology proposed herein is supported by GIS technology and can be applied to medium-sized cities. It was validated by applying to the city of Castellón de la Plana, a Spanish Mediterranean coastal city. As main outcome of this research, the urban taxonomy has been obtained and building types in an average block have been standardized, allowing the definition of representative urban form patterns. This methodology can be useful for the stakeholders involved in urban decision-making processes when analysing socio-economic aspects, energy issues, the impact of different technological options or the promotion of sustainable urban development initiatives, among others

Sustainability on the urban scale: proposal of a structure of indicators for the Spanish context

Some efforts to assess sustainability on the urban scale have been made and different tools for measuring the impact on and caused by cities have emerged. However, the sustainability concept varies from region to region, and indicators to measure it should be suitable for the context-specific conditions of the region under study. After doing a comprehensive review of the indicators included in 13 tools developed to assess urban sustainability of cities, this article proposes a new structure of indicators adapted to a Mediterranean city in Spain. The proposed structure is based on a two-level scheme that consists in 14 categories and 63 subcategories, which agglutinate urban sustainability indicators according to their purpose. This structure suggests a set of comprehensible qualitative and quantitative indicators that are easily applicable on neighbourhood or city scales. Given the similar features of Mediterranean countries in terms of environmental and socio-economic aspects, the proposed structure could be extrapolated to other countries with climatic and cultural similarities. Otherwise, the system is a useful tool in the decision-making process to help the different stakeholders involved in new urban developments and regeneration projects in existing neighbourhoods, such as developers, urban planners and public administrations

Técnicas de aprendizaje automático aplicadas en empresas de pequeña escala

Data Analytics es comúnmente utilizado por empresas de gran escala, pero también puede aportar información valiosa a empresas de pequeña escala. El objetivo de este trabajo será demostrar que se pueden aplicar técnicas de aprendizaje supervisado y no supervisado utilizando un volumen de datos pequeño y aun así obtener buenos resultados. Se realizó un análisis predictivo sobre la variable Churn, alcanzando un puntaje de 0,82 de área bajo la curva ROC. Asimismo, se realizó un análisis descriptivo sobre los consumidores, logrando la segmentación de estos en tres grupos con sentido de negocio. Los resultados obtenidos aportan información valiosa para las decisiones futuras que tomará la empresa para crecer.Data Analytics is commonly associated to large companies; however, it can also provide valuable information to small scale companies. The objective of the present paper is to demonstrate that techniques of supervised and unsupervised learning can be also used in small data sets and obtain favorable results. A Churn prediction analysis was conducted, reaching a 0.82 AUC score. In addition, customers were segmented into three groups with business sense. The results obtained in this paper will contribute with valuable information for the future decisions that the company must take to grow

Inclusion of gender views for the evaluation and mitigation of urban vulnerability: A case study in castellón

The inclusion of gender views in every field and, especially, in urbanism, has become crucial for urban planning. Considering both men’s and women’s interests in an integrated gender equality perspective provides better results that improve the quality of public spaces and engenders a more sustainable society. However, to realize such benefits, efforts are required not only to understand the needs and preferences of urban residents but also to shape policies and develop strategies to mitigate vulnerability with population involvement. In order to help decision makers at the urban level evaluate vulnerability with the inclusion of gender views, this study proposes a model that incorporates the specificities of urban fabric users that face adverse conditions. The model is based on a structured and standardized checklist of key topics that could be applied to any urban devel-opment. From this checklist, a list of categories, subcategories, and indicators were proposed and validated using the inter-judge agreement technique. To illustrate this model, this paper presents the case study of Castellón (Spain) in which deprived neighborhoods were analyzed, updating a previous model intended only to detect vulnerability. The results help link policy making to social vulnerability and indicate strategies to reach inclusive neighborhoods via a gender equality ap-proach

Análisis de costes de viviendas según su sostenibilidad ambiental

El sector de la construcción tiene una gran importancia en el desarrollo sostenible. La adaptación en España de recientes directivas de la Unión Europea en materia energética, permite definir la calificación de los edificios, en función de su eficiencia energética (EE). Como consecuencia se genera una escala que permite valorar el comportamiento de los edificios en función de su EE. En España el R.D. 47/2007, de 19 de enero, aprueba el procedimiento básico para la certificación de EE de edificios de nueva construcción. De acuerdo a este procedimiento, una mejor calificación energética está relacionada con una cantidad menor de emisiones de CO2 a la atmósfera por el uso del edificio. Desde la entrada en vigor del R.D. 47/2007, se han desarrollado, diversas herramientas informáticas, como Calener, que asigna una etiqueta que define la calificación energética de los edificios. Por lo tanto, para poder obtener mejores edificios desde el punto de vista de su EE, se debe conseguir que estos produzcan las menores emisiones posibles de CO2 a la atmósfera. La pregunta que se plantea en este punto es si las medidas que conllevan unas menores emisiones de CO2, se pueden conseguir a un coste económico que sea asumible por los usuarios. En principio parece lógico pensar que viviendas más eficientes exijan mayores costes de construcción, aunque no está tan claro si esta mayor inversión, será compensada por unos menores costes de uso del edificio. Aquí se presenta parte del trabajo realizado en la Tesis Doctoral realizada y dirigida por las autoras de la presente ponencia, en la que se analizaron los costes que caracterizaban a edificios con diferente calificación energética. Para ello se estudió una promoción de viviendas adosadas real, en la que se combinaron distintas calificaciones energéticas y diferentes zonas climáticas españolas. Las distintas configuraciones se consiguieron modificando algunas medidas que tienen influencia en la EE del edificio, como soluciones constructivas de la envolvente térmica o instalaciones de climatización y agua caliente sanitaria (ACS). Para cada una de las configuraciones obtenidas (calificación-zona) se realizó un análisis de costes debidos a la construcción y al uso del edificio durante su vida útil. Éstos incluían costes privados, diferenciándose los de construcción, mantenimiento y consumo energético. Este estudio demostraba que, en ese caso y con las hipótesis de partida manejadas, mejores calificaciones incurrían en mayores costes privados. Por ese motivo, se amplió el análisis, incluyendo costes públicos o sociales generados como consecuencia de la emisión de CO2. Algunos países europeos ya aplican una tasa de carbono para compensar las emisiones de CO2, y con este análisis se obtuvo un orden de magnitud que podría tener esa tasa en España, de acuerdo a las condiciones de partida del estudio.

MÉTODO DE VALORACIÓN DE VIVIENDAS DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA MEDIOAMBIENTAL Y ANÁLISIS DE COSTES

El sector de la construcción tiene una gran importancia en el desarrollo sostenible, y la adaptación en España de recientes directivas de la Unión Europea en materia energética, obliga a definir la calificación energética de los edificios, lo cual será un factor importante en la determinación de su valor. A este respecto, la presente Tesis Doctoral analiza la normativa y el software oficial que existe para obtener dicha calificación, en viviendas de nueva construcción y en cada zona climática de España. Partiendo de un proyecto real de viviendas adosadas, se realiza un análisis de los materiales e instalaciones requeridos para cumplir las normativas, así como de los costes de construcción, mantenimiento y consumo energético, y la emisión de CO2, teniendo en cuenta las calificaciones energéticas y las zonas climáticas. Viviendas más sostenibles exigen mayores costes de construcción, que deberían ser compensados con unos menores costes privados de uso. Pero en la práctica esto no ocurre y es necesario definir unos precios del CO2, o tasas medioambientales, para estimar los costes sociales que hagan rentable la elección de viviendas más eficientes energéticamente. La metodología empleada para definir estos precios son el análisis de costes y análisis de inversiones, que integran los costes económicos o privados y los costes sociales o públicos derivados de las emisiones de CO2 durante el uso de la vivienda. Finalmente, se realiza un análisis multicriterio para obtener la composición de viviendas con distintas calificaciones en una promoción inmobiliaria, considerando los objetivos privados y públicos.Ruá Aguilar, MJ. (2011). MÉTODO DE VALORACIÓN DE VIVIENDAS DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA MEDIOAMBIENTAL Y ANÁLISIS DE COSTES [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/11275Palanci

An Inclusive Model for Assessing Age-Friendly Urban Environments in Vulnerable Areas

Population aging is becoming a major challenge in many countries. This paper deals with the elderly’s specific needs in the public open space as it can play a significant role in their social inclusion and could be especially relevant in deprived areas. The main goal is to build a model to evaluate the vulnerability of the public space by focusing on the elderly’s needs, using indicators. A previous analysis of the scientific and policy-oriented literature and of the technical standards and regulations linked with accessibility and social aspects that affect the elderly in urban areas was performed to identify the main dimensions for evaluation. The interjudge agreement technique was applied to validate the indicators with a panel of experts in technical and social disciplines. The model was applied to a vulnerable area in Castellón (East Spain), based on indicators adapted to the specific context features. The agreement level reached by experts was used to weight the indicators. The application of the model permitted the vulnerability in the suggested dimensions to be estimated and a global integrated index of vulnerability in the area to be calculated. It could assist in urban planning decision making toward age-friendly and, therefore, inclusive cities

Modelling energy efficiency performance of residential building stocks based on Bayesian statistical inference

This paper provides a model based on Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation to predict the energy performance of existing residential building stocks. The energy demand and the discomfort hours for heating and cooling were taken as response variables and five parameters were considered as potentially significant to assess the building energy performance: urban block pattern, street height-width ratio, building class through the building shape factor, year of construction and solar orientation of the main façade. A total of 240 dynamic energy simulations were run varying these parameters, by using the EnergyPlus software with the Design Builder interface, which allowed the response variables to be determined for a set of sample buildings. Simulation results revealed the most and least significant parameters in the energy performance of the buildings. The model developed is a useful decision-making tool in assisting local authorities during energy refurbishment interventions at the urban scale.Authors would like to thank the Architectural Construction Area of the Universitat Jaume I for providing the DesignBuilder software, which was used to conduct the data set in this research. Authors would also thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which contributed to improve this work

A methodology for predicting the energy performance and indoor thermal comfort of residential stocks on the neighbourhood and city scales. A case study in Spain

The aim of the study is to present a developed bottom-up-based methodology for predicting the energy performance of residential stocks on the neighbourhood and city scales. This methodology enables predicting the energy demand and discomfort hours (heating and cooling) taking into account urban and building factors such as urban block type, street height-width ratio and solar orientation of the main façade, and shape factor and year of construction of the building, respectively. For this purpose, a four-staged methodology consisting in (1) urban taxonomy characterisation, (2) energy performance assessment, (3) statistical modelling and (4) stock aggregation is proposed, which combines building physical modelling and statistical inference in a Geographical Information System environment to provide an intuitive visual interface that represents final results on urban energy maps. The methodology was implemented in a medium-sized Spanish Mediterranean city as a case study, which allowed estimating the passive energy performance of a neighbourhood and setting building and urban design strategies. Results allowed concluding that the intrinsic parameters of the urban morphology play an important role on passive energy performance and important energy demand savings can be achieved when considering morphological urban aspects in new planning developments. This methodology is an efficient tool that can help stakeholders and local authorities in decision-making processes that focus both on developments of new urban areas taking into account energy requirements and on identifying and prioritising existing residential stocks in need of rehabilitation in energy terms