Ingesta de macronutrientes y prevalencia de malnutrición por exceso en escolares de 5o y 6o básico de distinto nivel socioeconómico de la región metropolitana

Obesity in childhood has become an important publie health problem in Chile. Objetive: to study macronutrient intake and nutritional status in school-age children attending5th andóth grade inprimary schoolsfrom different socioeconomic status located in 6 counties in Santiago, Chile. Methods: A total of 1,732 children between 9 and 12 years oldjrom both sexes were studied. Anthropometric evaluation included weight, height, and tricipital and subescapular thickness. Macronutrient intake was determined using a 24-hours recall survey. Socioeconomic status was estimated using the ESOMAR survey. Results: In this sample overweight and obesity prevalence reached 40%. Prevalence was higher in boys and in the lower socio-economic groups. A higher consumption ofproteins andfat wasfound in the wealthier groups, while a higher intake of carbohydrates was present in the poorer ones. Comparison with the daily recommended allowancesfound that both males andfemales hada 75% ofadequacy of all ofmacronutrients with the exception offiber. Conclusión: The study revealeda highprevalence ofmalnutrition in both sexes with a better nutrition standard among children in higher socioeconomic status.El sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil se han transformado en un importante problema en salud pública. Objetivo: evaluar la ingesta de macronutrientes y determinar la prevalencia de malnutrición en escolares de 5° y 6o año básico de distintos niveles socioeconómicos de 6 comunas de la Región Metropolitana. Sujetos y método: se evaluaron 1732 niños de ambos sexos de 9 a 12 años de edad. La evaluación antropométrica incluyo peso, talla, pliegue tricipital y subescapular. La ingesta de macronutrientes se evaluó mediante la aplicación de una encuesta recordatorio de 24 hrs; el nivel socioeconómico se evaluó mediante la aplicación la encuesta ESOMAR. Resultados: la prevalencia de malnutrición por exceso fue de 40%, siendo más importante en hombres de los estratos socioeconómicos de menores ingresos. Encontramos un mayor consumo de proteínas y grasas totales en el nivel socioeconómico más alto, mientras que el nivel de menores ingresos tuvo una mayor ingesta de carbohidratos. Tanto hombres como mujeres presentaron una adecuación superior al 75% en todos los macronutrientes con excepción de la fibra. Conclusión: El estudio arrojó una elevada prevalencia de malnutrición por exceso en ambos sexos con un mejor patrón de alimentación en los niños de nivel socioeconómico alto

Is the Chilean Diet a Mediterranean-type Diet?

Food intake in Chile has changed markedly in the last decades, showing an increase in fat consumption and presently a small fruit and vegetables intake. A parallel is made between the Chilean and Mediterranean diet (mainly the one from Spain, Italy, and Greece), both currently and from 50 years ago. The main differences and similarities are based on food availability. Although Chilean diet seems to be approaching the traditional Mediterranean diet of the 60's, there is concern about changes that are moving away from Chilean traditional diet and towards a western one. A new food pyramid for Chile is proposed based on the traditional Mediterranean-type die

Gestational diabetes, comparison of women diagnosed in second and third trimester of pregnancy with non GDM women: Analysis of a cohort study.

UNLABELLED: Pregnant women are normally screened for Gestational diabetes (GDM) at week 24 of pregnancy. However some women develop the disease later on their pregnancies. No study has analyzed women developing GDM later in pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: To analyze data on a cohort study and compare women diagnosed with GDM in second and third trimester of pregnancy with women without GDM. RESULTS: GDM women diagnosed during their first two trimesters of pregnancy were older (p = 0.0008) and had higher body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.0007) than non GDM women. However, the only risk factor in women diagnosed in their third trimester of pregnancy was having first degree relatives with type 2 DM and this was independent of age and BMI (OR of 2.7, 95% CI 1.2 - 6.0). CONCLUSIONS: Women who develop GDM in their second trimester of pregnancy have known risk factors for diabetes mellitus such as age and higher BMI, however, the only recognised risk factor between non GDM women and women developing GDM late in pregnancy is family history of type 2 DM. Two populations of GDM may exist and future studies should focus on analysing short and long term complications of these women to support the need to diagnosed and treat them all

[Anthropometry as predictor of gestational diabetes mellitus].

BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a high incidence disease. Easily measured predictor factors could help to implement preventive policies and early detection tests. AIM: To measure recognizable risk factors for GDM such as skinfolds and analyze the association between these factors and the development of GDM in a cohort of pregnant women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Evaluation of 76 mothers that developed gestational diabetes, aged 32.2 ± 0.6 years and 324 control mothers that did not develop the disease, aged 30.1 ± 0.3 years. Weight, height, arm circumference, tricipital, bicipital, subscapular, suprailiac, knee, costal and mid-thigh skinfolds were measured in the pre-diseased stage. History of diabetes, fasting glucose and insulin levels were also evaluated. RESULTS: Age, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose, the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA), bi-cipital, tricipital, costal, subscapular, suprailiac, and knee skinfolds were associated with GDM development. Age, fasting blood glucose and subscapular skinfolds were independent predictors in the logistic regression model. The odds ratio for a subscapular skinfold over percentile 90 was 1.7 (95% confdence intervals: 1.07-3.04). CONCLUSIONS: Age and fasting blood glucose are independent risk factors for GDM. Subscapular skinfold is also an independent risk factor and could be used to detect high risk pregnant women and implement preventive policies

Serum folate, vitamin B-12 and cognitive impairment in Chilean older adults

Artículo de publicación ISIObjective: To analyse the relationship between serum folate (SF), vitamin B12 and impaired cognitive function in the Chilean elderly. Design: We analysed the relationships between impaired cognitive function and age, SF (μg/l) and vitamin B12 (pg/ml) with Student’s t test, as well as between impaired cognitive function and gender, educational level, residence area, diabetes and hypertension with the χ2 test. Multiple logistic regressions with interactions were estimated to assess the impact of SF on impaired cognitive function according to these methods. Setting: Chile. Subjects: Older adults (>65 years, n 1051), drawn from representative households of a national prevalence study, assessed using the Modified Mini Mental Status Examination (MMMSE). Individuals with altered MMMSE scores (≤13 points) were sequentially assessed using the Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (PFAQ). Results: Multivariate models using the MMMSE demonstrated an increased risk of impaired cognitive function for seniors who had hypertension, diabetes and higher vitamin B12 levels. SF and its square (SF2) were statistically significant, indicating that this predictor of impaired cognitive function displays a U-shaped distribution. The interaction between SF and vitamin B12 was not statistically significant. Models using the MMMSE plus PFAQ suggested that urban residence decreased the risk of impaired cognitive function, whereas male gender, older age, vitamin B12 levels and hypertension increased this risk. The variables SF and SF2 and the SF × vitamin B12 interaction were statistically significant (P <0.05). The risk of impaired cognitive function depended on different combinations of SF and vitamin B12 levels. When SF was low, a one-unit increase in SF (1 μg/l) diminished the risk. When SF was elevated, a further increase in SF raised the risk, especially at low vitamin B12 levels. Conclusions: The relationship between folate, vitamin B12 and impaired cognitive function warrants further study.Public Health School of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chil

Consumption of ready-to-eat cereal is inversely associated with body mass index in 6-13 years old chilean schoolchildren El consumo de cereales listos para comer está inversamente asociado con el índice de masa corporal en escolares chilenos de 6 a 13 año

© 2015, Grupo Aula Medica S.A. All rights reserved. Background and aims: childhood obesity in Chile is a serious problem with the prevalence continuing to increase over the last decade, despite all governmental efforts to diminish it. Studies indicate that the consumption of certain foods may help to control body weight. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between ready-to-eat cereals (RTEC), body mass index and nutritional intake of macronutrients and micronutrients in school children from Santiago, Chile. Methods and results: the study included 1 477 children aged 6-13 years who were evaluated by trained nutritionists. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured and a 24-hour recall questionnaire was administered in which the hours spent watching TV were also recorded. Overall, 32% of boys and 28 % of girls were overweight but the difference between them was not significant. All children, regardless of sex, showed a significant inverse relationship

Serum Ferritin Is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome and Red Meat Consumption

Background and Aims. Hyperferritinemia has been related with a wide spectrum of pathologies, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between hyperferritinemia and iron consumption. Methods and Results. Serum ferritin concentration was evaluated in 66 presumed healthy men, along with other clinical and biochemical markers of chronic diseases. A three-day food questionnaire was applied for nutrition information. Hyperferritinemia was a condition found in 13.4% of the volunteers analyzed. Significant correlations were found between serum ferritin concentration and metabolic syndrome parameters (HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glucose) as well as an increase of the serum ferritin mean value with the number of risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Also, oxidative stress markers (carbonyl groups, AOPP, and glycated hemoglobin), hepatic damage markers (GGT, SGOT), and parameters related to insulin resistance (HOMA, blood insulin, and blood glucose) correlate significantly with serum ferritin. Volunteers had an excessive iron intake, principally by bread consumption. Analyses of food intake showed that red meat consumption correlates significantly with serum ferritin. Conclusion. Red meat consumption, metabolic syndrome, and chronic disease markers are associated with hyperferritinemia in a population of Chilean men