The concepts of enclave and exclave and their use in the political and geographical characteristic of the Kaliningrad region

This article focuses on the genesis of and correlation between the related concepts of enclave and exclave and the scope of their use in different sciences, fields of knowledge, and everyday speech. The author examines the circumstances of their emergence in the reference and professional literature in the Russian language. Special attention is paid to the typology of the world’s enclave territories as objects of political geography; at the same time, their new categories and divisions (international enclave, overseas exclaves, internal enclaves of different levels) are extended and introduced. The author offers a new classification of contemporary and historical enclaves and exclaves. The article identifies the specific features of the Kaliningrad region in comparison to other enclave territories. The difference between the exclavity of the Kaliningrad region in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods is emphasised. The author shows the evolution of the use of concepts of enclave and exclave for describing the fe atures of the Kaliningrad region’s positions from the perspective of the mother and surrounding states. The article introduces the concept of dividing states and stresses the need to take their interests into account to ensure the functioning of the Russian exclave. The author substantiates the thesis that the Russian region is an enclave of the European Union (but not NATO) and an exclave of the Russian Federation and a number of political and economic intergovernmental alliances with Russian participation. The article offers a generalised characteristic of the Kaliningrad region from the perspective of its enclavity / exclavity

The historical and geographical evolution of the enclavity of the Kaliningrad region

This article considers the origin, development, change in the status, and extinction of enclave and exclave formations in the territory of the modern Kaliningrad region. The author offers information on their socio-economic and political features. The article identifies enclave (exclave) problems peculiar to them, including the land access (passenger and cargo transit) of the metropolis to the isolated territory, as well as the issues relating to the origins of state border, border control, visa regime, and political and economic relations to neighbouring states and the mainland. The author reviews cases of evolutional development of enclavity and peaceful and military methods of eliminating enclave formations. Actions towards the solution of political and socioeconomic problems taken in East Prussia are compared to those taken in the Kaliningrad region. The author emphasizes the need to solve the problems of the only Russian exclave region in view of the experience of its historical “predecessors”

Consistency of personal identity as a resource of pedagogical prevention of adolescents’ radicalization

The article discusses the problem of countering the radicalization of adolescents. It is assumed that adolescents are a social group that is subject to radical influence. This paper emphasizes the growing tendency to involve adolescents and young men in extremist and terrorist acts. Modern theoretical concepts of radicalization are considered and their specific nature is determined. It is noted that all concepts take into account the role of disturbed or difficult social relationships as a latent factor of radicalization

Psychophysiological and Psychosemantic Aspects of Teaching Stress-resistant Behavior Law Enforcement Officers

The relevance of the psychophysiological aspect of stress tolerance in the professional activities of law enforcement officers arises and manifests itself in connection with the high risk of mistakes in non-ordinary situations, as well as in the development of an algorithm for assessing the prognostic psychophysiological parameters of employees

Phenological shifts of abiotic events, producers and consumers across a continent

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and climate factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns in associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 phenological events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians and fungi, we find a mosaic of change, defying simple predictions of earlier springs, later autumns and stronger changes at higher latitudes and elevations. Site mean temperature emerged as a strong predictor of local phenology, but the magnitude and direction of change varied with trophic level and the relative timing of an event. Beyond temperature-associated variation, we uncover high variation among both sites and years, with some sites being characterized by disproportionately long seasons and others by short ones. Our findings emphasize concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and highlight the difficulty of predicting climate change outcomes. The authors use systematic monitoring across the former USSR to investigate phenological changes across taxa. The long-term mean temperature of a site emerged as a strong predictor of phenological change, with further imprints of trophic level, event timing, site, year and biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

Chronicles of nature calendar, a long-term and large-scale multitaxon database on phenology

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. The data cover the period 1890-2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. The database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change.Peer reviewe

Estimates of changes of structural parameters of forest ecosystems in decoding high resolution satellite images

Aim of this study was to assess the possibility of using of the parameter of symmetry of pixel distribution in the forest condition monitoring. Multispectral satellite imagery and their fragments of high and medium resolution (Landsat TM/ЕТМ+, Aster, Spot, IRS), which have been made in 1995–2011, were processed in two stages. At the first stage, uncontrolled classification has been carried out using the method ISODATA (Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technigue). At the second stage, parameter of symmetry of pixel distribution was calculated. The results of classification were divided into two halves. Classes with lower optical density of the reflected light were concentrated in the upper half while classes with higher optical density of the reflected light were concentrated in the bottom half. The prospects for using the parameter symmetry of pixel distribution aim to assess the degree of forest disturbance after the fire impact was demonstrated. Disturbed forest areas a have larger sum of pixels in the bottom half of the classification results compared with the upper half. In contrast, undisturbed forest areas have a larger or equal sum of pixels in the upper half of the classification results compared with the bottom half. The prospects for using the parameter symmetry of pixel distribution in monitoring of seasonal changes of forest status were demonstrated. Comparison of two forest fragments with dominance of larch and Siberian pine showed that during the autumn months (September, October) after needle fall and leaf fall, there is a sharp decrease of the parameter "symmetry of pixel distribution" within the fragment with dominance of larch due to the increase of the proportion of pixels with high optical density. Seasonal changes in the parameter of symmetry of pixels distribution were less pronounced for the forest fragment with dominance of Siberian pine. We considered the prospect to use the parameter of symmetry of pixel distribution in the long-term monitoring of forest ecosystems status ( for example of the forest restoration process after fire impact). The rate of forest recovery was determined within the burned fragment with an area of 6.98 sq. k

About the effectiveness of counter blasting with chamber mining system

When underground mining of Ural copper deposits with a chamber mining system, an urgent scientific and practical task is to increase the productivity of loadingdelivery machines for the ore drawing from secondary chambers. The technogenic disturbance of the massif of such chambers in combination with the non-alternative use of a blasthole ring scheme of breaking leads to an increased output of oversized fractions. With an increase of oversized ore output, operating costs for the drawing and delivery of ore increase, tire wear, fuel and lubricants consumption increases. In this article, the possibility of reducing the oversize ore output in secondary chambers by using counter blasting of the breaking layers is considered. As a result of the research, the parameters of effective counter blasting with blasthole ring charges were established, namely, the distance between the working faces in the chamber, the angle of ore pieces meeting and the line of least resistance

Development of explosive breaking principles for the ores prone to overgrinding

In underground mining of valuable non-metallic raw materials, non-ferrous and precious metal ores, the problem of overgrinding of raw materials as a result of blasting operations is quite acute. For ores of nonferrous and precious metals, represented by strong rocks, the effect of increased concentration of ore minerals in small classes of ore is characteristic. Due to the process of segregation of the mass in ore drawing, small fractions accumulate in significant quantities on the lying side of the mine goaf and on the roughness of its surface. Such ore is often simply lost. It is rational to create conditions for reducing the yield of small fractions already at the stage of separating the ore from the array. Therefore, the development of technological methods for managing the quality of mining enterprise products and methods for improving the completeness of extracting mineral reserves is an urgent scientific and technical task. To solve this problem, a number of model and full-scale experiments were conducted to identify the dependence of the nature of destruction on the method and parameters of blasting, followed by statistical evaluation of the results. The principles of determining the parameters of the technology for breaking valuable ores that are prone to overgrinding are established

Psychophysiological and Psychosemantic Aspects of Teaching Stress-resistant Behavior Law Enforcement Officers

The relevance of the psychophysiological aspect of stress tolerance in the professional activities of law enforcement officers arises and manifests itself in connection with the high risk of mistakes in non-ordinary situations, as well as in the development of an algorithm for assessing the prognostic psychophysiological parameters of employees