102 research outputs found

    Approche des différences individuelles dans la résolution de problÚmes concernant des circuits électriques simples

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    L'approche proposĂ©e dans cet article est de montrer l'intĂ©rĂȘt de la complĂ©mentaritĂ© entre les approches didactique et diffĂ©rentielle dans la rĂ©solution de problĂšmes concernant des circuits Ă©lectriques simples. Les processus analogique et propositionnel, classiquement identifiĂ©s dans des tĂąches cognitives non spĂ©cifiques, ont pu ĂȘtre mis en Ă©vidence dans le cadre de domaines de connaissances sĂ©mantiquement structurĂ©s, comme c'est le cas de l'Ă©lectricitĂ©. L'expĂ©rience rĂ©alisĂ©e auprĂšs de 42 Ă©lĂšves de cinquiĂšme permet de montrer que l'analyse des comportements cognitifs Ă  l'Ă©cole sous l'angle des conceptions des Ă©lĂšves et sous l'angle de processus de pensĂ©e plus gĂ©nĂ©raux semble une approche heuristique pour identifier des diffĂ©rences individuelles dans la façon de rĂ©soudre des problĂšmes scientifiques

    Categorization and Aging as measured by an adapted version of Wechsler’s similarities test

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    L’objectif de cette recherche est d’étudier l’évolution avec le vieillissement du processus taxonomique impliquĂ© dans une version adaptĂ©e du test des Similitudes de Wechsler, qui distingue la catĂ©gorisation des mots concrets versus abstraits. Deux groupes ont Ă©tĂ© constituĂ©s : 20 adultes jeunes (M =20ans, SD=1.36) et 20 adultes ĂągĂ©s (M =70ans, SD=4.66). Les rĂ©sultats montrent un dĂ©clin de la catĂ©gorisation taxonomique avec l’ñge, notamment pour les mots abstraits. L’effet de concrĂ©tude est donc observĂ© mais seulement chez les ĂągĂ©s du fait d’un effet « plafond » des performances chez les jeunes adultes. De plus, il s’avĂšre que la moyenne des rĂ©ponses taxonomiques des ĂągĂ©s est Ă  peu prĂšs Ă©quivalente Ă  celle d’enfants de 9 ans d’une Ă©tude antĂ©rieure. La courbe curvilinĂ©aire du dĂ©veloppement de la catĂ©gorisation taxonomique observĂ©e par de nombreux auteurs est donc retrouvĂ©e. NĂ©anmoins, une analyse plus prĂ©cise des items et des rĂ©ponses montre que les ĂągĂ©s ont davantage de difficultĂ©s avec des mots faciles qu’avec des mots difficiles. Ce rĂ©sultat suggĂšre que le processus de catĂ©gorisation serait prĂ©servĂ© mais que des variables affectives viendraient moduler l’activation du processus taxonomique.We used an adapted version of the Wechsler Similarities subtest to study taxonomic processing, the superordinate categorization of concrete and abstract words, in 20 young adult (M =20 years, SD=1.36) and 20 elderly (M =70 years, SD=4.66) subjects. Young adults performed near ceiling on both categorization tasks. Elderly subjects performed less well, especially with abstract words. Our results are consistent with the curvilinear function reported by many authors, which describes an increase in taxonomic processing from childhood to adulthood and then a decline as aging progresses. The mean performances of  the elderly adults studied here were about similar to the mean taxonomic scores in a group of 9 year-olds (Rozencwajg & Corroyer, 2007). An item analysis of the child and elderly data suggests that taxonomic processing is preserved in the elderly but that affective variables modulate response strategies

    Multiframe Scene Flow with Piecewise Rigid Motion

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    We introduce a novel multiframe scene flow approach that jointly optimizes the consistency of the patch appearances and their local rigid motions from RGB-D image sequences. In contrast to the competing methods, we take advantage of an oversegmentation of the reference frame and robust optimization techniques. We formulate scene flow recovery as a global non-linear least squares problem which is iteratively solved by a damped Gauss-Newton approach. As a result, we obtain a qualitatively new level of accuracy in RGB-D based scene flow estimation which can potentially run in real-time. Our method can handle challenging cases with rigid, piecewise rigid, articulated and moderate non-rigid motion, and does not rely on prior knowledge about the types of motions and deformations. Extensive experiments on synthetic and real data show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art.Comment: International Conference on 3D Vision (3DV), Qingdao, China, October 201

    Characterizing preclinical sub-phenotypic models of acute respiratory distress syndrome:An experimental ovine study

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    Abstract The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) describes a heterogenous population of patients with acute severe respiratory failure. However, contemporary advances have begun to identify distinct sub‐phenotypes that exist within its broader envelope. These sub‐phenotypes have varied outcomes and respond differently to several previously studied interventions. A more precise understanding of their pathobiology and an ability to prospectively identify them, may allow for the development of precision therapies in ARDS. Historically, animal models have played a key role in translational research, although few studies have so far assessed either the ability of animal models to replicate these sub‐phenotypes or investigated the presence of sub‐phenotypes within animal models. Here, in three ovine models of ARDS, using combinations of oleic acid and intravenous, or intratracheal lipopolysaccharide, we investigated the presence of sub‐phenotypes which qualitatively resemble those found in clinical cohorts. Principal Component Analysis and partitional clustering identified two clusters, differentiated by markers of shock, inflammation, and lung injury. This study provides a first exploration of ARDS phenotypes in preclinical models and suggests a methodology for investigating this phenomenon in future studies

    A clinically relevant sheep model of orthotopic heart transplantation 24 h after donor brainstem death

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    BACKGROUND: Heart transplantation (HTx) from brainstem dead (BSD) donors is the gold-standard therapy for severe/end-stage cardiac disease, but is limited by a global donor heart shortage. Consequently, innovative solutions to increase donor heart availability and utilisation are rapidly expanding. Clinically relevant preclinical models are essential for evaluating interventions for human translation, yet few exist that accurately mimic all key HTx components, incorporating injuries beginning in the donor, through to the recipient. To enable future assessment of novel perfusion technologies in our research program, we thus aimed to develop a clinically relevant sheep model of HTx following 24 h of donor BSD. METHODS: BSD donors (vs. sham neurological injury, 4/group) were hemodynamically supported and monitored for 24 h, followed by heart preservation with cold static storage. Bicaval orthotopic HTx was performed in matched recipients, who were weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and monitored for 6 h. Donor and recipient blood were assayed for inflammatory and cardiac injury markers, and cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography. Repeated measurements between the two different groups during the study observation period were assessed by mixed ANOVA for repeated measures. RESULTS: Brainstem death caused an immediate catecholaminergic hemodynamic response (mean arterial pressure, p = 0.09), systemic inflammation (IL-6 - p = 0.025, IL-8 - p = 0.002) and cardiac injury (cardiac troponin I, p = 0.048), requiring vasopressor support (vasopressor dependency index, VDI, p = 0.023), with normalisation of biomarkers and physiology over 24 h. All hearts were weaned from CPB and monitored for 6 h post-HTx, except one (sham) recipient that died 2 h post-HTx. Hemodynamic (VDI - p = 0.592, heart rate - p = 0.747) and metabolic (blood lactate, p = 0.546) parameters post-HTx were comparable between groups, despite the observed physiological perturbations that occurred during donor BSD. All p values denote interaction among groups and time in the ANOVA for repeated measures. CONCLUSIONS: We have successfully developed an ovine HTx model following 24 h of donor BSD. After 6 h of critical care management post-HTx, there were no differences between groups, despite evident hemodynamic perturbations, systemic inflammation, and cardiac injury observed during donor BSD. This preclinical model provides a platform for critical assessment of injury development pre- and post-HTx, and novel therapeutic evaluation. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40635-021-00425-4

    Interaction entre assistance extracorporelle veino-artérielle (ECMO VA) et cerveau : exemple de l'hypoxie différentielle

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    Femoral-arterial V-A ECMO can cause "differential hypoxemia", a situation where the hyperoxic laminar flow of the ECMO going up the aorta meets the hypoxemic pulsatile flow of the native heart going down the aorta. This encounter occurs in a zone called the "mixing zone" (or watershed). The objectives of this work were to create an ex vivo and an in vivo models to study the parameters and consequences of differential hypoxemia. Thus, in a first step, we modified an existing mock circulation loop to add an aortic arch and a V-A ECMO circuit. In this ex vivo model, only temperature variations in the right subclavian artery (accessible through the radial artery in clinical practice) were predictive of the position of the mixing zone. In a second step, to define the appropriate in vivo model, we performed a meta-analysis of animal models of cardiogenic shock under V-A ECMO. Nineteen studies were included in our analysis and show that methods and data were very poorly reported, and that a very large variability regarding models of cardiogenic shock, animals used and management of ECMO existed. Thus, we chose to perform an ovine model of cardiogenic shock induced by intraventricular injection of ethanol. This model - respecting strict criteria for the definition of cardiogenic shock - had the advantage of being titratable and reproducible. We thus obtained a model supported by V- A ECMO with hypoxemia through the reduction of mechanical ventilation, creating a model of differential hypoxemia confirmed on a clinical, biological and histological level. Finally, in the last step, we randomized our sheep in two groups according to the level of ECMO support: low flow (2.5 L/min) or high flow (4.5 L/min). In the low-flow group, the brain was fully perfused by the native heart. In the high-flow group, the brain was partially perfused by the ECMO. We observed lesions compatible with ischemic-hypoxic damage after only a few hours of differential hypoxemia. These lesions were significantly reduced in the high flow group, explained by a switch to an aerobic mechanism.L’ECMO VA fĂ©moro-fĂ©morale peut ĂȘtre Ă  l’origine d’une « hypoxĂ©mie diffĂ©rentielle » lorsque le flux laminaire hyperoxique de l’ECMO remontant le long de l'aorte rencontre le flux pulsatile hypoxĂ©mique du cƓur natif descendant le long de l’aorte. Cette rencontre a lieu dans la « zone de mĂ©lange ». Les objectifs de ce travail Ă©taient de crĂ©er des modĂšles ex vivo et in vivo d’étude des paramĂštres et des consĂ©quences de l’hypoxĂ©mie diffĂ©rentielle. Ainsi, dans un premier temps, nous avons modifiĂ© une boucle de circulation (mock loop) afin d’y adjoindre une crosse aortique et un circuit d’ECMO-VA. Dans ce modĂšle ex vivo, seule la variation de tempĂ©rature de l’artĂšre sous-claviĂšre droite (accessible en radial en pratique clinique) Ă©tait prĂ©dictive de la position de la zone de mĂ©lange. Dans un second temps, afin de dĂ©finir le modĂšle in vivo adĂ©quat, nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© une mĂ©ta-analyse des modĂšles animaux de choc cardiogĂ©nique sous ECMO- VA. Les dix-neuf Ă©tudes inclues dans notre analyse montrent que les mĂ©thodes et donnĂ©es Ă©taient trĂšs mal rapportĂ©es et qu’il existait une trĂšs grande variabilitĂ© concernant les modĂšles, les animaux et la gestion de l’ECMO. Ainsi, nous avons crĂ©Ă© un modĂšle ovin de choc cardiogĂ©nique induit par l’injection intra-ventriculaire d’éthanol. Ce modĂšle respectait des critĂšres stricts de choc cardiogĂ©nique et avait l’avantage d’ĂȘtre titrable et reproductible. L’hypoxĂ©mie Ă©tait induite par diminution de la ventilation mĂ©canique, rĂ©sultant en un modĂšle d’hypoxĂ©mie diffĂ©rentielle confirmĂ© cliniquement, biologiquement et histologiquement. Enfin, dans un dernier temps, nous avons randomisĂ© nos brebis en deux groupes: bas dĂ©bit (2,5 L/min) ou haut dĂ©bit (4,5 L/min) d’ECMO. Dans le groupe bas dĂ©bit, le cerveau Ă©tait entiĂšrement perfusĂ© par le cƓur natif. Dans le groupe haut dĂ©bit, le cerveau Ă©tait lui partiellement perfusĂ© par l’ECMO. Nous avons observĂ© des lĂ©sions de type ischĂ©mie-hypoxie aprĂšs seulement quelques heures d’hypoxĂ©mie diffĂ©rentielle. Ces lĂ©sions Ă©taient significativement moindres dans le groupe haut dĂ©bit avec un retour vers un mĂ©canisme aĂ©robie

    Binet : PrĂ©curseur d’une psychomĂ©trie cognitive qualitative

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    Introduction Binet est le crĂ©ateur avec son collaborateur Simon du premier test d’intelligence : « On s’accorde Ă  penser aujourd’hui que Binet et Simon ont sorti la psychomĂ©trie de l’intelligence de l’orniĂšre oĂč, accrochĂ©e qu’elle Ă©tait Ă  une approche Ă©lĂ©mentariste des conduites, elle se trouvait. En effet, la plupart des tests d’intelligence construits par la suite doivent quelque chose au Binet-Simon et c’est Ă  partir de lui que la pratique des tests est devenue crĂ©dible et s’est dĂ©veloppĂ©e..

    Binet : Une approche unidimensionnelle ou plurielle de l’intelligence ?

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    L’objectif de cet article est de montrer que l’approche de Binet est loin d’ĂȘtre unitaire au sens unidimensionnelle, mais qu’elle est, bien au contraire, une approche plurielle de l’intelligence, centrĂ©e sur le sujet dans sa globalitĂ©. Les Ă©crits de Binet tĂ©moignent Ă  quel point sa capacitĂ© d’observation crĂ©ative lui a permis d’ĂȘtre trĂšs en avance sur son temps du point de vue de trois aspects principaux : (1) L’analyse des processus cognitifs impliquĂ©s dans la tĂąche, comme le souligne Reuchlin (1995), (2) Les relations entre cognition et Ă©motion, et (3) Les valeurs humaines de passation d’un examen psychologique, qui sinon, font perdre toute valeur aux rĂ©sultats

    Interaction between venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-A ECMO) and the brain : example of differential hypoxemia.

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    L’ECMO VA fĂ©moro-fĂ©morale peut ĂȘtre Ă  l’origine d’une « hypoxĂ©mie diffĂ©rentielle » lorsque le flux laminaire hyperoxique de l’ECMO remontant le long de l'aorte rencontre le flux pulsatile hypoxĂ©mique du cƓur natif descendant le long de l’aorte. Cette rencontre a lieu dans la « zone de mĂ©lange ». Les objectifs de ce travail Ă©taient de crĂ©er des modĂšles ex vivo et in vivo d’étude des paramĂštres et des consĂ©quences de l’hypoxĂ©mie diffĂ©rentielle. Ainsi, dans un premier temps, nous avons modifiĂ© une boucle de circulation (mock loop) afin d’y adjoindre une crosse aortique et un circuit d’ECMO-VA. Dans ce modĂšle ex vivo, seule la variation de tempĂ©rature de l’artĂšre sous-claviĂšre droite (accessible en radial en pratique clinique) Ă©tait prĂ©dictive de la position de la zone de mĂ©lange. Dans un second temps, afin de dĂ©finir le modĂšle in vivo adĂ©quat, nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© une mĂ©ta-analyse des modĂšles animaux de choc cardiogĂ©nique sous ECMO- VA. Les dix-neuf Ă©tudes inclues dans notre analyse montrent que les mĂ©thodes et donnĂ©es Ă©taient trĂšs mal rapportĂ©es et qu’il existait une trĂšs grande variabilitĂ© concernant les modĂšles, les animaux et la gestion de l’ECMO. Ainsi, nous avons crĂ©Ă© un modĂšle ovin de choc cardiogĂ©nique induit par l’injection intra-ventriculaire d’éthanol. Ce modĂšle respectait des critĂšres stricts de choc cardiogĂ©nique et avait l’avantage d’ĂȘtre titrable et reproductible. L’hypoxĂ©mie Ă©tait induite par diminution de la ventilation mĂ©canique, rĂ©sultant en un modĂšle d’hypoxĂ©mie diffĂ©rentielle confirmĂ© cliniquement, biologiquement et histologiquement. Enfin, dans un dernier temps, nous avons randomisĂ© nos brebis en deux groupes: bas dĂ©bit (2,5 L/min) ou haut dĂ©bit (4,5 L/min) d’ECMO. Dans le groupe bas dĂ©bit, le cerveau Ă©tait entiĂšrement perfusĂ© par le cƓur natif. Dans le groupe haut dĂ©bit, le cerveau Ă©tait lui partiellement perfusĂ© par l’ECMO. Nous avons observĂ© des lĂ©sions de type ischĂ©mie-hypoxie aprĂšs seulement quelques heures d’hypoxĂ©mie diffĂ©rentielle. Ces lĂ©sions Ă©taient significativement moindres dans le groupe haut dĂ©bit avec un retour vers un mĂ©canisme aĂ©robie.Femoral-arterial V-A ECMO can cause "differential hypoxemia", a situation where the hyperoxic laminar flow of the ECMO going up the aorta meets the hypoxemic pulsatile flow of the native heart going down the aorta. This encounter occurs in a zone called the "mixing zone" (or watershed). The objectives of this work were to create an ex vivo and an in vivo models to study the parameters and consequences of differential hypoxemia. Thus, in a first step, we modified an existing mock circulation loop to add an aortic arch and a V-A ECMO circuit. In this ex vivo model, only temperature variations in the right subclavian artery (accessible through the radial artery in clinical practice) were predictive of the position of the mixing zone. In a second step, to define the appropriate in vivo model, we performed a meta-analysis of animal models of cardiogenic shock under V-A ECMO. Nineteen studies were included in our analysis and show that methods and data were very poorly reported, and that a very large variability regarding models of cardiogenic shock, animals used and management of ECMO existed. Thus, we chose to perform an ovine model of cardiogenic shock induced by intraventricular injection of ethanol. This model - respecting strict criteria for the definition of cardiogenic shock - had the advantage of being titratable and reproducible. We thus obtained a model supported by V- A ECMO with hypoxemia through the reduction of mechanical ventilation, creating a model of differential hypoxemia confirmed on a clinical, biological and histological level. Finally, in the last step, we randomized our sheep in two groups according to the level of ECMO support: low flow (2.5 L/min) or high flow (4.5 L/min). In the low-flow group, the brain was fully perfused by the native heart. In the high-flow group, the brain was partially perfused by the ECMO. We observed lesions compatible with ischemic-hypoxic damage after only a few hours of differential hypoxemia. These lesions were significantly reduced in the high flow group, explained by a switch to an aerobic mechanism
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