Book Review: Narcotics and Drub Abuse; By Samuel F. Levine

O NE OF THE MOST urgent school problems of the early 1970\u27s has little to do with formal education or the old-fashioned triad of reading, writing, and arithmetic. Instead, the key words are uppers, downers, grass, and smack --amphetamines, barbiturates, marijuana and heroin, and there has been a steady decline of the age at which youngsters are introduced to them on what is known as the drug scene. In July, 1969, President Nixon called attention to the rise by almost 800% of juvenile drug arrests and stated that within the last decade the abuse of drugs has grown from essentially a police problem into a national threat to millions of Americans

Arbitration - Dispute Involving Hazardous Working Conditions Is Within the Scope of Broad Arbitration Clause of a Collective Bargaining Agreement in Absence of Forceful Indication of Exclusionary Intent; Gateway Coal Co. v. United Mine Workers

The collapse of a ventilation structure substantially reduced the air flow into a mine operated \u27by the Gateway Coal Co., seriously increasing the danger of accumulation of dust, flammable gas and possible explosion. Three assistant foremen, whose duties included checking and recording the airflow in the mine, made false entries in their logbooks that failed to disclose the reduced air flow. The three foremen were suspended, and criminal proceedings were instituted against them. While the charges remained pending, the Company, after receiving permission from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, reinstated the foremen. Ruling that the continued presence of the foremen in the mines constituted a safety hazard, the union struck. Gateway then sought to arbitrate under the collective bargaining agreement. The Company invoked jurisdiction of the District Court under Section 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act. The District Court determined the issue arbitrable and thereby enjoined the strike and ordered immediate arbitration. On appeal, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuits reversed the judgment and vacated the preliminary injunction. The Supreme Court granted certiorari.6 In reversing the decision of the Appellate Court the Supreme Court determined that the presumption of arbitrability formulated by the Steelworkers\u27 Trilogy applies to safety disputes; the collective bargaining agreement then in force between the parties imposed a compulsory duty to submit safety disputes to arbitration and this duty to arbitrate implied a no-strike obligation supporting the issuance of the injunctive order

Investigation of tram movement indicators in general structure of traffic flow

In the work, the average operating speed of the tram is investigated on the sections with the high density of the road network. Such peculiarities are inherent to the cities where its configuration has developed historically, and trams move in the general structure of traffic flow which is predetermined by the absence of traffic capacity reserves in the old, as a rule, central part of the city. It frequently causes the reduction of the whole traffic flow speed of movement, in particular on the intersections and within public transport stops. Determination of the mutual impact of automobile movement and trams is topical because, on the one hand, trams, taking into account their dynamic and technological movement peculiarities, worsen traffic flow indicators, and on the other hand, vast traffic intensity causes downtime of the trams rolling stock in the queues before the intersection that decrease passenger transportation quality. As a result of the research reported in this paper it was managed to determine the amount of change of the average tram operating speed for different methods of traffic flow control for different times of day

Possibilities of using bus rapid transit in cities with dense construction area

Bus rapid transit (BRT) is one of the most popular mass passenger transportation systems as it is cost-effective, comfortable and rapid during its use, hence it is widespread in developing countries. In the paper, the classification of urban public transport modes is highlighted and the main components of BRT system are given. Also, types of running ways on highways and other urban streets are classified and also measures aimed at giving the priority to public transport in mixed traffic are given

Catalytic and Non-catalytic Methods for Hydrocarbon Upgrading, Valorization, and Pollutant Control

This work investigates catalytic and non-catalytic oxidative chemical upgrading and pollutant remediation techniques to responsibly utilize hydrocarbon feedstocks with existing infrastructure as the transition to more renewable and cleaner feedstocks for energy generation are developed. These technologies include oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane, development of magnetically separable catalysts to reduce carbon monoxide emissions during biomass upgrading as well as the subsequent use of the upgraded biomass for partial coal replacement, and electrochemical treatment of a washcoat free wire mesh supported catalyst to reduce carbon monoxide emissions in combustion exhaust. First, doping of secondary metals in M1/M2 catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane was investigated to determine how these dopants influence catalytic activity via in-situ and ex-situ characterization. Next, a copper and zinc catalyst with novel magnetic separability and mechanical stability were studied to reduce carbon monoxide emissions during biomass upgrading and valorization. The biomass upgraded via this methodology can be burned in conventional coal power plants at a 30-40% cofiring rate with no capital changes to existing infrastructure and carbon monoxide emissions from the upgrading process were reduced by up to 95%. Lastly, an electrochemically treated wire mesh support was utilized with a platinum and palladium catalyst to reduce carbon monoxide emissions in combustion exhaust from natural gas furnaces or small engines such as portable generators, mopeds, and lawnmowers. This treatment methodology increased the activity of the catalyst by a factor of 5.5 times with no increase in nominal precious metal loading

Kinetics Study of the Hydrodeoxygenation of Xylitol over a ReO\u3csub\u3ex\u3c/sub\u3e-Pd/CeO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e Catalyst

In this study, we elucidate the reaction kinetics for the simultaneous hydrodeoxygenation of xylitol to 1,2-dideoxypentitol and 1,2,5-pentanetriol over a ReOx-Pd/CeO2 (2.0 weight% Re, 0.30 weight% Pd) catalyst. The reaction was determined to be a zero-order reaction with respect to xylitol. The activation energy was elucidated through an Arrhenius relationship as well as non-Arrhenius kinetics. The Arrhenius relationship was investigated at 150–170◦ C and a constant H2 pressure of 10 bar resulting in an activation energy of 48.7 ± 10.5 kJ/mol. The investigation of non-Arrhenius kinetics was conducted at 120–170◦ C and a sub-Arrhenius relation was elucidated with activation energy being dependent on temperature, and ranging from 10.2–51.8 kJ/mol in the temperature range investigated. Internal and external mass transfer were investigated through evaluating the Weisz–Prater criterion and the effect of varying stirring rate on the reaction rate, respectively. There were no internal or external mass transfer limitations present in the reaction

Kinetics Study of the Hydrodeoxygenation of Xylitol over a ReO\u3csub\u3ex\u3c/sub\u3e-Pd/CeO\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e Catalyst

In this study, we elucidate the reaction kinetics for the simultaneous hydrodeoxygenation of xylitol to 1,2-dideoxypentitol and 1,2,5-pentanetriol over a ReOx-Pd/CeO2 (2.0 weight% Re, 0.30 weight% Pd) catalyst. The reaction was determined to be a zero-order reaction with respect to xylitol. The activation energy was elucidated through an Arrhenius relationship as well as non-Arrhenius kinetics. The Arrhenius relationship was investigated at 150–170◦ C and a constant H2 pressure of 10 bar resulting in an activation energy of 48.7 ± 10.5 kJ/mol. The investigation of non-Arrhenius kinetics was conducted at 120–170◦ C and a sub-Arrhenius relation was elucidated with activation energy being dependent on temperature, and ranging from 10.2–51.8 kJ/mol in the temperature range investigated. Internal and external mass transfer were investigated through evaluating the Weisz–Prater criterion and the effect of varying stirring rate on the reaction rate, respectively. There were no internal or external mass transfer limitations present in the reaction

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ФЕНОЛЬНИХ СПОЛУК РОСЛИННИХ АДАПТОГЕНІВ З МЕТОЮ ВНЕСЕННЯ ДО РЕЦЕПТУРИ ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНИХ ХАРЧОВИХ ПРОДУКТІВ

Today the problem of increasing the adaptive status of the body is extremely important. Because of that the researches on the BAR action of adaptogenic plant material become necessary to expand its resource base. In this regard, we conducted qualitative and quantitative analyses of phenolic compounds of the most common substances with adaptogenic action such as dried leaves of Ginkgo Biloba, Manchurian Aralia, Eleutherococcus Barbed and Echinacea Purpurea. On the basis of the conducted studies we have found out that the leaves of each plant selected accumulate different groups of phenolic compounds. Ginkgo leaves accumulate  polyphenolic compounds best, Ginkgo leaves and Siberian Ginseng better accumulate flavonoids, leaves of Echinacea hydroxycinnamic acids are the best to absorb hydroxycinnamic acids. Aralia leaves contain the less amount of phenolic compounds studied compared to other plants.  На сегодняшний день проблема повышения адаптативного статуса организма является чрезвычайно актуальной. В связи с этим необходимыми становятся исследования по изучению БАВ адаптогенного действия растительного сырья с целью расширения его сырьевой базы. В связи с этим нами было проведено исследование качественного и количественного состава фенольных соединений как наиболее распространенных веществ адаптогенного действия – сушеных листьев гинкго двулопастного, аралии маньчжурской, элеутерококка колючего и эхинацеи пурпурной. На основе проведенных исследований установлено, что в листьях каждой из выбранных растений накапливаются различные группы фенольных соединений. Полифенольные соединения лучше накапливают листья гинкго, флавоноиды – листья гинкго и элеутерококка, гидроксикоричные кислоты – листья эхинацеи. Листья аралии содержат найменшее количество фенольных соединений по сравнению с другими исследуемыми растениями.На сьогоднішній день проблема підвищення адаптативного статусу організму є надзвичайно актуальною. У зв’язку з цим необхідними стають дослідження з вивчення БАР адаптогенної дії рослинної сировини з метою розширення її сировинної бази. Тому ми вивчили якісний та кількісний склад фенольних сполук як найбільш поширених речовин адаптогенної дії: сушених листків гінкго дволопатевого, аралії маньчжурської, елеутерококу колючого та ехінацеї пурпурової. На основі проведених досліджень встановлено, що у листках кожної з обраних рослин накопичуються різні групи фенольних сполук. Поліфенольні сполуки найкраще накопичують листки гінкго, флавоноїди – листки гінкго та елеутерококу, гідроксикоричні кислоти – листки ехінацеї. Листки аралії містять майменшу кількість фенольних сполук порівняно з іншими досліджуваними рослинами. &nbsp