Consumer Marketing and the Airline Industry

The fundamentals of consumer marketing as applied to the airline industry are considered. An attempt is made to boil down the mystique and jargon which frequently surround the subject of marketing. Topics covered include: (1) The marketing concept; (2) consumer expectations from airlines; (3) planning of marketing strategy; and (4) the roles of advertising, sales, and middlemen

X-ray bursts from solar flares behind the limb

X-ray bursts are identified from the UCSD OSO-7 X-ray experiment data. X-ray spectroheliograms of OSO-5, H alpha activity at the limb, and the emergence and disappearance of sunspot groups at the limb were studied and 17 active centers were found as likely seats of the X-ray bursts beyond the limb. The analysis of 37 X-ray bursts and their physical parameters is presented. Results show that (1) the distributions of maximum temperature, maximum emission measure, and characteristic cooling time of the over-the-limb events do not significantly differ from those of disk events; (2) that radiation is the dominant cooling mechanism for the hot flare plasma; and (3) that the scale height for X-ray emission in the 5-10 keV range is large. Observations show that the fraction of soft X-ray bursts which have a nonthermal component is the same on and off of the disk. Hard X-ray emission over extended regions is indicated

NATURAL RESOURCES AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Community/Rural/Urban Development,

A molecular superfluid: non-classical rotations in doped para-hydrogen clusters

Clusters of para-hydrogen (pH2) have been predicted to exhibit superfluid behavior, but direct observation of this phenomenon has been elusive. Combining experiments and theoretical simulations, we have determined the size evolution of the superfluid response of pH2 clusters doped with carbon dioxide (CO2). Reduction of the effective inertia is observed when the dopant is surrounded by the pH2 solvent. This marks the onset of molecular superfluidity in pH2. The fractional occupation of solvation rings around CO2 correlates with enhanced superfluid response for certain cluster sizes

Radio Recombination Lines from Starbursts: NGC 3256, NGC 4945 and the Circinus Galaxy

A renewed attempt to detect radio recombination lines from external galaxies has resulted in the measurement of lines from several bright starburst galaxies. The lines are produced by hydrogen ionized by young, high-mass stars and are diagnostic of the conditions and gas dynamics in the starburst regions without problems of dust obscuration. We present here detections of the lines H91alpha and H92alpha near 8.6 GHz from the starburst nuclei in NGC 3256, NGC 4945, and the Circinus galaxy using the ATCA and VLA. Modelling the line emitting region as a collection of H II regions, we derive the required number of H II regions, their temperature, density, and distribution.Comment: 6 pages, to appear in "Proc 331. Heraeus Seminar: The Evolution of Starbursts", Bad Honnef, Germany, Aug 16 - 20, 2004, Eds: S. Huettemeister, S. Aalto, D.J. Bomans, and E. Manthe

Cellulases from extremely thermophilic bacteria

Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on earth, and is the major component of urban waste. Thus cellulose must be seen as a very significant renewable source of chemical foodstocks when fossil fuels become restricted

INITIAL APPLICATIONS OF FUZZY SET PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATION OF EXPORT BASE EMPLOYMENT

Current export base methods that calculate basic and non-basic employment are too restrictive because they fail to account for uncertainty involved in the process. This paper shows the assignment of industries as either basic or non-basic by the location quotient procedure does not consistently represent the data for Nevada counties. Using fuzzy set procedures and membership functions in conjunction with the location quotient allow more flexibility in terms of matching the data for each industry in the region of interest. Using fuzzy set procedures we determine the proportion of employment that is basic and non-basic in nine non-governmental industries.Labor and Human Capital,

Linearisation instability of gravity waves?

Gravity waves in irrotational dust spacetimes are characterised by nonzero magnetic Weyl tensor $H_{ab}$. In the linearised theory, the divergence of $H_{ab}$ is set to zero. Recently Lesame et al. [Phys. Rev. D {\bf 53}, 738 (1996)] presented an argument to show that, in the exact nonlinear theory, $div H=0$ forces $H_{ab}=0$, thus implying a linearisation instability for gravity waves interacting with matter. However a sign error in the equations invalidates their conclusion. Bianchi type V spacetimes are shown to include examples with $div H=0\neq H_{ab}$. An improved covariant formalism is used to show that in a generic irrotational dust spacetime, the covariant constraint equations are preserved under evolution. It is shown elsewhere that \mbox{div} H=0 does not generate further conditions.Comment: 8 pages Revtex; to appear Phys. Rev.

Sequencing and analysis of the gastrula transcriptome of the brittle star Ophiocoma wendtii

Background The gastrula stage represents the point in development at which the three primary germ layers diverge. At this point the gene regulatory networks that specify the germ layers are established and the genes that define the differentiated states of the tissues have begun to be activated. These networks have been well-characterized in sea urchins, but not in other echinoderms. Embryos of the brittle star Ophiocoma wendtii share a number of developmental features with sea urchin embryos, including the ingression of mesenchyme cells that give rise to an embryonic skeleton. Notable differences are that no micromeres are formed during cleavage divisions and no pigment cells are formed during development to the pluteus larval stage. More subtle changes in timing of developmental events also occur. To explore the molecular basis for the similarities and differences between these two echinoderms, we have sequenced and characterized the gastrula transcriptome of O. wendtii. Methods Development of Ophiocoma wendtii embryos was characterized and RNA was isolated from the gastrula stage. A transcriptome data base was generated from this RNA and was analyzed using a variety of methods to identify transcripts expressed and to compare those transcripts to those expressed at the gastrula stage in other organisms. Results Using existing databases, we identified brittle star transcripts that correspond to 3,385 genes, including 1,863 genes shared with the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus gastrula transcriptome. We characterized the functional classes of genes present in the transcriptome and compared them to those found in this sea urchin. We then examined those members of the germ-layer specific gene regulatory networks (GRNs) of S. purpuratus that are expressed in the O. wendtii gastrula. Our results indicate that there is a shared ‘genetic toolkit’ central to the echinoderm gastrula, a key stage in embryonic development, though there are also differences that reflect changes in developmental processes. Conclusions The brittle star expresses genes representing all functional classes at the gastrula stage. Brittle stars and sea urchins have comparable numbers of each class of genes and share many of the genes expressed at gastrulation. Examination of the brittle star genes in which sea urchin orthologs are utilized in germ layer specification reveals a relatively higher level of conservation of key regulatory components compared to the overall transcriptome. We also identify genes that were either lost or whose temporal expression has diverged from that of sea urchins