An investigation of problems in adult education, with special emphasis upon a particular program in the state of Virginia

As the modern system of education progresses, new terms are being applied to old practices with resulting new significances. Such a new term is adult education ; such an old practice is lifelong learning. The latter is, of course, an ancient ideal in the history of civilization, but adult education as an organized social process is comparatively recent in American life. Although the term was not recognized under the name adult education until 1924, in meaning and practice it reaches backward into our early community life to the opening of the first public evening school in 1819, to the first attempt at institutes and chatauquas, or the New England Town Meeting of the seventeenth century where the Puritans jealously guarded their right to speak out in the meeting. As the expression is used today, it denotes a slowly evolving ideal which would make man \u27s educational experience in life process and provide opportunity to all people of all ages and classes

An investigation of problems in adult education, with special emphasis upon a particular program in the state of Virginia

As the modern system of education progresses, new terms are being applied to old practices with resulting new significance. Such a new term is adult education ; such an old practice is lifelong learning. The latter is, of course, and ancient ideal in the history of civilization, but adult education as an organized social process is comparatively recent in American life

Engineering Cocrystal and Cocrystalline Salt Solubility by Modulation of Solution Phase Chemistry.

There is increasing interest in cocrystal and cocrystalline salts as alternate pharmaceutical solid forms because they provide a range of physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties. Both cocrystals and cocrystalline salts provide an opportunity to alter not only the lattice chemistry but also the solution chemistry of the parent drug. There are numerous reports of cocrystals and cocrystalline salts that enhance the aqueous solubility and in some cases bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. The most common method used to characterize the solution behavior of these solid forms is currently powder dissolution. This approach may not identify rapidly transforming metastable cocrystals and cannot be extrapolated to other solution conditions. Cocrystal forms are often evaluated in the presence of additives that affect the solution chemistry of the cocrystal components thereby impacting cocrystal solubility and thermodynamic stability. This dissertation explores the influence of solution chemistry on cocrystal and cocrystalline salt solubility and thermodynamic stability relative to the parent drug and salt respectively. Knowledge of the solution mechanisms that alter the cocrystal component solubilities can be used to anticipate cocrystal solubility and Scocrystal/Sdrug. The objectives of this work are to (1) to determined the key thermodynamic parameters necessary to rationally select surfactants to modulate cocrystal solubility and Scocrystal/Sdrug using mathematical models derived from knowledge of the solution-chemistry affecting the cocrystal components (2) to evaluate the contributions of ionization and micellar solubilization to cocrystal solubility and Scocrystal/Sdrug in physiologically relevant media (3) to derive mathematical models that describe cocrystalline salt solubility dependence on ionization and the common-ion effect so that the solubility of these solid forms can be characterized using minimal experimental measurements (4) to develop a method to characterize the equilibrium solubility of metastable cocrystalline salts and (5) to examine the relationship between the relative magnitude of Scocrystal/Sdrug and the observed supersaturation relative to the parent drug.PHDPharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/98067/1/lillyroy_1.pd

Transformation pathways of cocrystal hydrates when coformer modulates water activity

An important attribute of cocrystals is that their properties can be tailored to meet required solubility and stability specifications. But before such practical uses can be realized, a better understanding of the factors that dictate co-crystal behavior is needed. This study attempts to explain the phase behavior of anhydrous/hydrated cocrystals when the coformer modulates both water activity and co-crystal solubility. Stability dependence on solution composition and water activity was studied for theophylline–citric acid (THP–CTA) anhydrous and hydrated cocrystals by both suspension and vapor equilibration methods. Eutectic points and associated water activities were measured by suspension equilibration methods to determine stability regions and phase diagrams. The critical water activity for the anhydrous–hydrate co-crystal was found to be 0.8. It is shown that (a) both water and coformer activities determine phase stability, and (b) excipients that alter water activity can profoundly affect the hydrate/anhydrous eutectic points and phase stability. Vapor phase stability studies demonstrate that cocrystals of highly water soluble coformers, such as citric acid, are predisposed to conversions due to moisture uptake and deliquescence of the coformer. The presence of such coformers as trace level impurities with co-crystal will alter hygroscopic behavior and stability. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 99:3977–3985, 2010Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/77537/1/22245_ftp.pd

Monitoring soil health in Scotland by land use category – a scoping study

Monitoring of soil health in a changing climate is a priority issue for Scottish Government. In 2020, CXC published a baseline report that pulled together existing research on the vulnerability of Scottish soils to climate change. This scoping study takes the thirteen potential indicators that were previously identified and considers their strategic relevance to monitoring soil health in the context of existing land use Scotland. Ten pre-defined land use categories were considered. We have also considered how soil monitoring might be managed to inform our understanding of cross-cutting issues such as biodiversity and climate change