L'impact des troubles de l'humeur et des troubles anxieux sur la sensibilité de certaines méthodes d'investigation de l'ischémie myocardiaque, ainsi que sur la morbidité cardiovasculaire et la mortalité générale

Le présent projet doctoral a pour objectif d'évaluer l'effet des troubles de l'humeur et anxieux sur la sensibilité de certaines méthodes d'investigation cardiovasculaire, ainsi que sur la morbidité cardiaque et la mortalité générale. Plus spécifiquement, la présente thèse sert à évaluer l'impact des troubles anxieux sur les résultats d'examens diagnostiques de l'ischémie myocardique, obtenus à l'aide de deux méthodes d'investigation différentes. Elle permet également d'évaluer si la présence d'anxiété influence la performance des patients lors de leur test à l'effort, ainsi que la réactivité cardiovasculaire de ces patients en réponse à l'activité physique. Dans un deuxième temps, cette thèse a pour but l'examen des relations prospectives des troubles de l'humeur et des troubles anxieux avec l'occurrence des événements cardiovasculaires majeurs et avec la mortalité générale. De façon à mettre en contexte et à rendre compte du travail effectué et des résultats obtenus, la thèse est divisée en cinq chapitres. Le premier chapitre sert à situer le lecteur par rapport à la problématique relative aux maladies cardiovasculaires et à faire état des résultats antérieurement rapportés, pertinents aux objectifs de recherche. Les limites attribuables à ces études antérieures, les objectifs, ainsi que les hypothèses de la thèse y sont également exposés. Le deuxième chapitre relate quant à lui les méthodologies exhaustives utilisées aux fins des deux études dont il est par la suite question aux chapitres trois et quatre. Finalement, une discussion générale concernant les principaux résultats de la thèse, les implications cliniques associées, les forces et faiblesses des deux études effectuées, l'état des connaissances quant au traitement des troubles de l'humeur et anxieux chez les patients cardiaques et des pistes de recherches futures constituent le cinquième et dernier chapitre. De façon globale, les résultats exposés dans le premier article indiquent que la présence des troubles anxieux, lors de l'ajustement du modèle statistique en fonction des troubles de l'humeur, n'influencerait pas le dépistage de l'ischémie myocardique à l'aide de l'ECG. Aussi, les patients anxieux performeraient de façon équivalente aux patients sans trouble d'anxiété lors du test à l'effort. Les troubles anxieux seraient toutefois associés à une réactivité cardiovasculaire amoindrie et ce, même lors de l'ajustement du modèle en fonction de la présence des troubles de l'humeur. Considérés de façon globale, les résultats antérieurement présentés par notre équipe, ainsi que ceux présentés de la cadre du premier article permettent de penser que les pratiques de référence des patients à des fins d'investigation cardiovasculaire devraient être adaptées en fonction de la présence des troubles de l'humeur chez les patients concernés, alors que la présence des troubles anxieux importerait peu. Ils suggèrent également que les troubles anxieux seraient associés à un dérèglement au niveau du système nerveux autonome. Les intervenants médicaux devraient donc considérer à la fois le traitement des atteintes psychiatriques et autonomes lors du choix des méthodes d'intervention curatives et/ou préventives au niveau cardiovasculaire. Quant aux résultats rapportés dans le cadre du deuxième article, ils suggèrent de façon générale que les patients présentant un trouble de l'humeur seraient significativement plus à risques de mortalité au cours des neuf années suivant leur évaluation psychiatrique, que les patients non dépressifs au niveau de base. De plus, les troubles de l'humeur seraient particulièrement nocifs pour les patients sans MCV au niveau de base, puisqu'ils augmenteraient leurs risques de mortalité générale de plus de quatre fois et ce, indépendamment de la présence des troubles anxieux et d'autres importants facteurs de risques non traditionnels des maladies chroniques telles que le cancer et les MCV. De leur côté, les troubles anxieux considérés en ajustant le modèle d'analyse en fonction des troubles de l'humeur ne constitueraient pas un facteur de risque significatif quant à l'incidence de la mortalité et ce, peu importe le statut cardiaque des patients. Ceci suggère que le dépistage et la prise en charge des troubles de l'humeur, plutôt que des troubles anxieux, doivent impérativement être améliorés et faire partie intégrante des pratiques médicales en contexte de soins primaires et tertiaires. Ainsi, à la fois les professionnels médicaux et les professionnels de la santé mentale se doivent de travailler de façon conjointe afin d'être en mesure d'identifier les patients présentant un risque médical élevé et surtout, afin d'être en mesure de fournir à ces patients les services préventifs et curatifs appropriés. \ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Troubles de l'humeur, Troubles anxieux, Dépistage, Ischémie myocardique, ECG, SPECT, Morbidité cardiovasculaire, Mortalité, Maladie coronarienne artériell

Factors associated with study completion in patients with premature acute coronary syndrome

Background Factors associated with study completion in younger adults are not well understood. This study sought to describe psychosocial, clinical, and demographic features associated with completion of a study of men and women with premature acute coronary syndrome. Methods As part of the GENdEr and Sex determInantS of cardiovascular disease: From bench to beyond-Premature Acute Coronary Syndrome (GENESIS-PRAXY) study, demographic, psychosocial, and clinical variables were assessed in 1213 patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome (<= 55 years; 30% women). Patients were followed for 12 months. Dropouts withdrew from the study or were lost to follow-up after 12 months; completers were still enrolled after 12 months. Results Of 1213 patients initially enrolled, 777 (64.1%) completed 12-month follow-up. Fully adjusted models suggested that being older (OR = 1.04, 95% CI [1.01, 1.06]), higher subjective social status within one's country (OR = 1.11, 95% CI [1.01, 1.22]), being free of type II diabetes, (OR = 0.66, 95% CI [0.45, 0.97]), non-smoking status (OR = 0.70, 95% CI [0.51, 0.95]) and being free of depression (OR = 1.52, 95% CI [1.11, 2.07]) were independently associated with study completion. Conclusions Recruitment/retention strategies targeting individuals who smoke, are younger, have low subjective social status within one's country, have diabetes, or have depression may improve participant follow-up in cardiovascular cohort studies.Canadian Institutes of Health Research [200804MOP-190260-GSH-CFAC-40513, OR-201303, CFE-113622]Heart and Stroke Foundation of Quebec, CanadaHeart and Stroke Foundation of Nova Scotia, CanadaHeart and Stroke Foundation of Alberta, CanadaHeart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario, CanadaHeart and Stroke Foundation of Yukon, CanadaHeart and Stroke Foundation of British Columbia, CanadaFonds de recherche du Quebec - Sante (FRQS) awar

Relationship between antidepressant therapy and risk for cardiovascular events in patients with and without cardiovascular disease

Objective: The American Heart Association has endorsed depression as a cardiac risk factor and recommends screening as part of routine practice. This has been met with controversy due to inconsistencies in the data linking depression treatment to better cardiovascular outcomes. Our objective was to prospectively assess the association between depression treatment (defined as being prescribed antidepressant medication) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients referred for exercise stress tests. Methods: 2385 consecutive patients presenting for myocardial perfusion exercise stress tests underwent a sociodemographic, medical, and psychiatric interview (PRIME-MD) and completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). History of CVD and antidepressant use was self-reported and verified via chart review. Participants followed over an 8.8 year follow-up, and information regarding MACE incidence (including cardiac mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, revascularization procedures, cerebrovascular events) was obtained from provincial administrative databases. Results: 8% (n=190) of the sample were taking antidepressants at baseline, 41% (n=916) had a history of CVD, and 38.7% (n=921) had depression according to the PRIME-MD or BDI. Antidepressant treatment was associated with a 30% reduced risk of MACE (HR=0.697; 95%CI=0.504-0.964; p=.029). A 46% reduction in risk was associated with antidepressant treatment among those without CVD (HR=0.542; 95%CI=0.299-0.981; p=.043). In depressed patients, a 33% reduction in risk of MACE associated with antidepressant use was seen (adjusted HR=0.674; 95%CI=0.440-1.033; p=.07). Conclusions: Antidepressants may be cardio-protective among patients presenting for stress testing independent of risk factors including CVD and depression. Results support treating depression with antidepressants in this population to reduce risk of MACE

Health-Related Quality of Life in Premature Acute Coronary Syndrome: Does Patient Sex or Gender Really Matter?

Background-Limited data exist as to the relative contribution of sex and gender on health-related quality of life (HRQL) among patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This study aims to evaluate the effect of sex and gender-related variables on long-term HRQL among young adults with ACS. Methods and Results-GENESIS-PRAXY (GENdEr and Sex determInantS of cardiovascular disease: from bench to beyond-Premature Acute Coronary SYndrome) is a multicenter, prospective cohort study (January 2009 to August 2013) of adults aged 18 to 55 years, hospitalized with ACS. HRQL was measured at baseline, 1, 6, and 12 months using the Short Form-12 and Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) among 1213 patients. Median age was 49 years. Women reported worse HRQL than men over time post-ACS, both in terms of physical and mental functioning. Gender-related factors were more likely to be predictors of HRQL than sex. Femininity score, social support, and housework responsibility were the most common gender-related predictors of HRQL at 12 months. We observed an interaction between female sex and social support (beta=0.44 [95% confidence interval, 0.01, 0.88]; P=0.047) for the physical limitation subscale of the SAQ. Conclusions-Young women with ACS report significantly poorer HRQL than young men. Gender appears to be more important than sex in predicting long-term HRQL post-ACS. Specific gender-related factors, such as social support, may be amenable to interventions and could improve the HRQL of patients with premature ACS.CIHRHeart and Stroke Foundation of QuebecHeart and Stroke Foundation of Nova ScotiaHeart and Stroke Foundation of AlbertaHeart and Stroke Foundation of OntarioHeart and Stroke Foundation of YukonHeart and Stroke Foundation of British Columbia, CanadaJames McGill Chair at McGill Universit

Systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of sex differences in depression and prognosis in persons with myocardial infarction: a MINDMAPS study

Objective - Using combined individual patient data (IPD) from prospective studies, we explored sex differences in depression and prognosis post-myocardial infarction (MI), and determined whether disease indices could account for found differences. Methods - Meta-analysis of IPD from 10,175 MI patients who completed diagnostic interviews or depression questionnaires from 16 prospective studies of MI patients, identified by systematic review for the MINDMAPS study. Multilevel logistic and Cox regression models were used to determine sex differences in prevalence of depression and sex-specific effects of depression on subsequent cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality. Results - Combined interview and questionnaire data from observational studies showed that 36% (635/1760) of women and 29% (1575/5526) of men reported elevated levels of depression (age-adjusted OR=0.68, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.77, p (sex*depression interaction p Conclusions - The prevalence of depression post-MI was higher in women than men, but the association between depression and cardiac prognosis was worse for men. LVEF was associated with depression in men only, and accounted for the increased risk of all-cause mortality in depressed men versus women, suggesting that depression in men post-MI may in part reflect cardiovascular disease severity

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Sociodemographic, clinical, access to care, and psychosocial characteristics by categories of 12-month retention.

<p>Sociodemographic, clinical, access to care, and psychosocial characteristics by categories of 12-month retention.</p

Depression and disease severity in patients with premature acute coronary syndrome

OBJECTIVES The association between depression and cardiovascular disease severity in younger patients has not been assessed, and sex differences are unknown. We assessed whether major depression and depressive symptoms were associated with worse cardiovascular disease severity in patients with premature acute coronary syndrome, and we assessed sex differences in these relationships. METHODS We enrolled 1023 patients (aged ≤ 55 years) hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome from 26 centers in Canada, the United States, and Switzerland, through the GENdEr and Sex determInantS of cardiovascular disease: From bench to beyond-Premature Acute Coronary Syndrome study. Left ventricular ejection fraction, Killip class, cardiac troponin I, and Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events score data were collected through chart review. RESULTS The sample comprised 248 patients with major depression and 302 women. In univariate analyses, major depression was associated with a lower likelihood of having an abnormal left ventricular ejection fraction (odds ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.97; P = .03) and lower troponin I levels (estimate, -4.04; 95% confidence interval, -8.01 to -0.06; P = .05). After adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, neither major depression nor depressive symptoms were associated with disease severity indices, and there were no sex differences. CONCLUSION The increased risk of adverse events in depressed patients with premature acute coronary syndrome is not explained by disease severity

Sex- and gender-related risk factor burden in patients with premature acute coronary syndrome

BACKGROUND Few contemporary data exist on traditional (TRF) and non-TRF (NTRF) burden in patients with premature acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS Prevalence of TRFs and NTRFs were measured in 1015 young (55 years old or younger) ACS patients recruited from 26 centres in Canada, the United States, and Switzerland. Risk factors were compared across sex and family history categories, and against a sample of the general Canadian population based on the 2000-2001 Canadian Community Health Survey. The 10- and 30-year risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) were estimated using Framingham Risk Scores. RESULTS Risk factors were more prevalent in premature ACS patients compared with the general population. Young women with a family history of coronary artery disease showed the greatest risk factor burden including TRFs of hypertension (67%), dyslipidemia (67%), obesity (53%), smoking (42%), and diabetes (33%), and NTRFs of anxiety (55%), low household income (44%), and depression (37%). The estimated median 10-year risk of CVD was 7% (interquartile range [IQR], 3%-9%) in women and 13% (IQR, 7%-17%) in men, whereas the 30-year risk of CVD was 36% (IQR, 22%-49%) in women and 44% (IQR, 31%-57%) in men. CONCLUSIONS Patients with premature ACS, especially women with a positive family history, are characterized by a very high risk factor burden that is poorly captured by 10-year risk estimates but better captured by 30-year estimates. Consideration of NTRFs and use of 30-year risk estimates might better estimate risk in young individuals and improve the prevention of premature ACS