314 research outputs found

    Évaluation des compĂ©tences pratiques en fin de deuxiĂšme cycle des Ă©tudes mĂ©dicales : exemple du drainage du bas appareil urinaire

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    IntroductionLe drainage vĂ©sical peut, mal pratiquĂ©, ĂȘtre iatrogĂšne en se compliquant notamment d’infections et de traumatismes de l’appareil urinaire. Cette Ă©tude a pour objectif de dĂ©terminer la capacitĂ© des Ă©tudiants en mĂ©decine de fin de deuxiĂšme cycle Ă  pratiquer les diffĂ©rents moyens de drainage des urines. MatĂ©riel et mĂ©thodes Entre janvier et mars 2007, un questionnaire d’autoĂ©valuation des compĂ©tences de drainage urinaire a Ă©tĂ© envoyĂ© par mail Ă  un Ă©chantillon reprĂ©sentatif d’étudiants en mĂ©decine en derniĂšre annĂ©e d’externat, soit deux mois avant l’épreuve de l’examen national classant. RĂ©sultats Deux cent soixante-dix-sept rĂ©ponses ont Ă©tĂ© reçues et analysĂ©es. Soixante-douze Ă©tudiants (26 %) jugeaient qu’ils maĂźtrisaient le cathĂ©tĂ©risme urĂ©trovĂ©sical chez l’homme et 106 Ă©tudiants (38,3 %) chez la femme Ă  la fin de leur externat. Soixante et onze Ă©tudiants sur les 277 (25,5 %) avaient effectuĂ© un stage en urologie au cours de leur cursus. Parmi eux, 53,5 % estimaient acquis le sondage Ă  demeure (SAD) chez l’homme (p < 0,001) et 39 (54,9 %) chez la femme (p < 0,001). Soixante-treize Ă©tudiants (26,4 %) estimaient qu’ils maĂźtrisaient le sondage minute d’une femme ou d’un homme et un seul considĂ©rait la pose de cathĂ©ter sus-pubien comme acquis. Conclusion L’apprentissage des gestes de drainage urinaire est enseignĂ© de façon inappropriĂ©e au cours des Ă©tudes mĂ©dicales puisque de jeunes mĂ©decins se sentent incapables de les reproduire au terme de leur externat. Cela est critiquable, car le sondage doit pouvoir ĂȘtre rĂ©alisĂ© par tous mĂ©decins non urologues dans leur pratique quotidienne, notamment en terrain hospitalier. Cette Ă©tude doit mener Ă  une rĂ©flexion sur l’amĂ©lioration de l’enseignement des gestes pratiques mĂ©dicaux essentiels pendant l’externat

    Evidence-based medicine et étudiants en médecine français : état des lieux

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    IntroductionL’Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) est indispensable Ă  l’exercice de la mĂ©decine. Notre objectif Ă©tait de connaĂźtre quel en Ă©tait son niveau de connaissance par les Ă©tudiants français. MatĂ©riel et MĂ©thodes Entre avril et mai 2008, un questionnaire a Ă©tĂ© envoyĂ© par courriel Ă  900 Ă©tudiants en derniĂšre annĂ©e du deuxiĂšme cycle des Ă©tudes mĂ©dicales participant Ă  des confĂ©rences publiques ou privĂ©es d’internat. RĂ©sultats Sur les 327 rĂ©ponses, 297 (91 %), 94 (29 %) et 85 (26 %) Ă©tudiants dĂ©claraient savoir lire, Ă©crire et parler l’anglais mĂ©dical. Quatre-vingt-dix Ă©tudiants (28 %) lisaient un article d’une revue mĂ©dicale française, une fois par mois et 43 (13 %) lisaient un article d’une revue mĂ©dicale internationale une fois par mois. Trois cent onze (95 %) connaissaient les bases de recherche mĂ©dicale sur Internet et 219 (67 %) les utilisaient. Vingt-quatre (7 %) avaient dĂ©jĂ  participĂ© Ă  la rĂ©daction d’un article mĂ©dical, sept (2 %) avait Ă©tĂ© co-auteurs. Deux cent soixante-douze (83 %) avait rĂ©alisĂ© une prĂ©sentation orale lors d’un staff mĂ©dical et trois (1 %) lors d’un congrĂšs. Enfin, 237 (73 %) comprenaient l’intĂ©rĂȘt de l’épreuve d’analyse critique d’article Ă  l’examen national classant (ECN) et 70 (21 %) pensaient y ĂȘtre prĂ©parĂ©s. Conclusion L’insuffisance de l’apprentissage de l’EBM est une des limites du systĂšme de formation français. L’introduction de la lecture critique d’article (LCA) Ă  l’ECN est un dĂ©but de rĂ©ponse concret Ă  ce problĂšme

    Promising role of preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy.

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    Several retrospective studies with small cohorts reported neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a prognostic marker in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) following radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). We aimed at validating the predictive and prognostic role of NLR in a large multi-institutional cohort. Preoperative NLR was assessed in a multi-institutional cohort of 2477 patients with UTUC treated with RNU. Altered NLR was defined by a ratio >2.7. Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between NLR and lymph node metastasis, muscle-invasive and non-organ-confined disease. The association of altered NLR with recurrence-free survival (RFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Altered NLR was observed in 1428 (62.8 %) patients and associated with more advanced pathological tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular invasion, tumor necrosis and sessile tumor architecture. In a preoperative model that included age, gender, tumor location and architecture, NLR was an independent predictive factor for the presence of lymph node metastasis, muscle-invasive and non-organ-confined disease (p < 0.001). Within a median follow-up of 40 months (IQR 20-76 months), 548 (24.1 %) patients experienced disease recurrence and 453 patients (19.9 %) died from their cancer. Compared to patients with normal NLR, those with altered NLR had worse RFS (0.003) and CSS (p = 0.002). In multivariable analyses that adjusted for the effects of standard clinicopathologic features, altered NLR did not retain an independent value. In the subgroup of patients treated with lymphadenectomy in addition to RNU, NLR was independently associated with CSS (p = 0.03). In UTUC, preoperative NLR is associated with adverse clinicopathologic features and independently predicts features of biologically and clinically aggressive UTUC such as lymph node metastasis, muscle-invasive or non-organ-confined status. NLR may help better risk stratify patients with regard to lymphadenectomy and conservative therapy

    Outcomes of surgical treatment for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: Comparison of retroperitoneoscopic and open nephroureterectomy

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Objectives</p> <p>To determine the surgical and oncologic outcomes in patients who underwent retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy (RNU) in comparison to standard open nephroureterectomy (ONU) for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC).</p> <p>Patients and methods</p> <p>From April 2001 to January 2007, 60 total nephroureterectomy were performed for upper tract TCC at Siriraj Hospital. Of the 60 patients, thirty-one were treated with RNU and open bladder cuff excision, and twenty-nine with ONU. Our data were reviewed and analyzed retrospectively. The recorded data included sex, age, history of bladder cancer, type of surgery, tumor characteristics, postoperative course, disease recurrence and progression.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The mean operative time was longer in the RNU group than in the ONU group (258.8 versus 190.6 min; p = 0. < 001). On the other hand, the mean blood loss and the dose of parenteral analgesia (morphine sulphate) were lower in the RNU group (289.3 versus 313.7 ml and 2.05 versus 6.72 mg; p = 0.868 and p = 0.018, respectively). There were two complications in each group. No significant difference in p stage and grade in both-groups (p = 0.951, p = 0.077). One patient with RNU had lymph node involvement, three in ONU. Mean follow up was 26.4 months (range 3–72) for RNU and 27.9 months (range 3–63) for ONU. No port metastasis occurred during follow up in RNU group. Tumor recurrence developed in 11 patients (bladder recurrence in 9 patients, local recurrence in 2 patients) in the RNU group and 14 patients (bladder recurrence in 13 patients, local recurrence in 1 patient) in the ONU group. No significant difference was detected in the tumor recurrence rate between the two procedures (p = 0.2716). Distant metastases developed in 3 patients (9.7%) after RNU and 2 patients (6.9%) after ONU. The 2 year disease specific survival rate after RNU and ONU was 86.3% and 92.5%, respectively (p = 0.8227).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy is less invasive than open surgery and is an oncological feasible operation. Thus, the results of our study supported the continued development of laparoscopic technique in the management of upper tract TCC.</p

    Enseignement et perception de l’urologie Ă  la fin du deuxiĂšme cycle des Ă©tudes mĂ©dicales : Ă©tat des lieux

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    Objectifs DĂ©terminer la perception de l’urologie par les Ă©tudiants en fin de deuxiĂšme cycle des Ă©tudes mĂ©dicales (DCEM) et connaĂźtre leurs supports d’enseignement. MatĂ©riel et mĂ©thodes Un auto-questionnaire a Ă©tĂ© diffusĂ© par internet Ă  1600 étudiants de 16 facultĂ©s au cours de leur dernier semestre de DCEM. RĂ©sultats Au total, 590 rĂ©ponses ont Ă©tĂ© reçues (36,8 %). Dans notre population, 70,2 % des Ă©tudiants Ă©taient des femmes. Parmi eux, 24,1 % avaient fait un stage en urologie. L’urologie Ă©tait considĂ©rĂ©e comme une discipline mĂ©dicale, chirurgicale et mĂ©dicochirurgicale, respectivement par 3,7 %, 37,8 % et 58 % d’entre eux. L’urologie Ă©tait considĂ©rĂ©e comme une discipline trĂšs importante, importante, peu importante et pas importante par 5,1 %, 54,4 %, 37,5 % et 2,4 % d’entre eux. Les supports d’enseignement les plus utilisĂ©s pour prĂ©parer l’examen national classant (ENC) Ă©taient les polycopiĂ©s d’internat (45,3 %), les confĂ©rences d’internat (43,7 %), le polycopiĂ© national du collĂšge d’Urologie (38,6 %) et les cours dispensĂ©s Ă  la facultĂ© (32 %). Les items d’urologie les mieux assimilĂ©s Ă©taient les pathologies lithiasiques (86,3 %), les troubles urinaires du bas appareil (76,3 %) et les cancers urologiques (56,7 %). À l’inverse, seulement 34,7 % et 28 % considĂ©raient leurs connaissances suffisantes sur la dysfonction Ă©rectile et la transplantation rĂ©nale. Enfin, 7,5 % exprimaient le souhait de devenir urologue. La rĂ©alisation d’un stage en urologie Ă©tait associĂ©e au sentiment d’avoir acquis les connaissances pour dĂ©buter l’internat (p &lt; 0,001) et au souhait d’ĂȘtre urologue (p &lt; 0,001). Conclusion Contre toute attente, l’urologie Ă©tait considĂ©rĂ©e comme une discipline mĂ©dicochirurgicale importante par la moitiĂ© des Ă©tudiants en fin de DCEM malgrĂ© le faible nombre d’items dĂ©diĂ©s Ă  l’urologie dans le programme de l’ENC. Un tiers d’entre eux utilisaient le polycopiĂ© national du collĂšge d’Urologie pour prĂ©parer l’ENC et un quart avait rĂ©alisĂ© un stage en urologie

    The Importance of Being Grade 3:A Plea for a Three-tier Hybrid Classification System for Grade in Primary Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer

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    Grade is an important determinant of progression in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) 2004/2016 grading system is recommended, other systems such as WHO1973 and WHO1999 are still widely used. Recently, a hybrid (three-tier) system was proposed, separating WHO2004/2016 high grade (HG) into HG/grade 2 (G2) and HG/G3 while maintaining low grade. We assessed the prognostic performance of HG/G3 and HG/G2. Three independent cohorts with 9712 primary (first diagnosis) Ta-T1 bladder tumors were analyzed. Time to progression was analyzed with cumulative incidence functions and Cox regression models. Harrell's C-index was used to assess discrimination. Time to progression was significantly shorter for HG/G3 than for HG/G2 in multivariable analyses (cohort 1: hazard ratio [HR] = 1.92; cohort 2: HR = 2.51, and cohort 3: HR = 1.69). Corresponding progression risks at 5 yr were 18%, 20%, and 18% for HG/G3 versus 7.3%, 7.5%, and 9.3% for HG/G2, respectively. Cox models using hybrid grade performed better than models with WHO2004/2016 (all cohorts; p &lt; 0.001). For the three cohorts, C-indices for WHO2004/2016 were 0.69, 0.62, and 0.75, while, for hybrid grade, C-indices were 0.74, 0.68, and 0.78, respectively. Subdividing the HG category into HG/G2 and HG/G3 stratifies time to progression and supports the recommendation to adopt the hybrid grading system for Ta/T1 bladder cancers.</p

    Open Versus Robotic Cystectomy: A Propensity Score Matched Analysis Comparing Survival Outcomes

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    BACKGROUND: To assess the differential effect of robotic assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) versus open radical cystectomy (ORC) on survival outcomes in matched analyses performed on a large multicentric cohort. METHODS: The study included 9757 patients with urothelial bladder cancer (BCa) treated in a consecutive manner at each of 25 institutions. All patients underwent radical cystectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy. To adjust for potential selection bias, propensity score matching 2:1 was performed with two ORC patients matched to one RARC patient. The propensity-matched cohort included 1374 patients. Multivariable competing risk analyses accounting for death of other causes, tested association of surgical technique with recurrence and cancer specific mortality (CSM), before and after propensity score matching. RESULTS: Overall, 767 (7.8%) patients underwent RARC and 8990 (92.2%) ORC. The median follow-up before and after propensity matching was 81 and 102 months, respectively. In the overall population, the 3-year recurrence rates and CSM were 37% vs. 26% and 34% vs. 24% for ORC vs. RARC (all p values > 0.1), respectively. On multivariable Cox regression analyses, RARC and ORC had similar recurrence and CSM rates before and after matching (all p values > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated with RARC and ORC have similar survival outcomes. This data is helpful in consulting patients until long term survival outcomes of level one evidence is available
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