Changes in Water Properties in Human Tissue after Double Filtration Plasmapheresis-A Case Study

Double-filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) is a blood cleaning technique that enables the removal of unwanted substances from the blood. In our case study, we performed near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy measurements on the human hand tissue before and after a specific DFPP treatment (INUSpheresis with a TKM58 filter), along with NIR measurements of the substances extracted via DFPP (eluate). The spectral data were analyzed using the aquaphotomics approach. The analysis showed that the water properties in the tissue change after DFPP treatment, i.e., an increase in small water clusters, free water molecules and a decrease in hydroxylated water as well as superoxide in hydration shells was noted. The opposite effect was observed in the eluates of both DFPP treatments. Our study is the first that documents changes in water spectral properties after DFPP treatments in human tissue. The changes in tissue water demonstrated by our case study suggest that the positive physiological effects of DFPP in general, and of INUSpheresis with the TKM58 filter in particular, may be associated with improvements in water quality in blood and tissues

A Novel Tool for Visualization of Water Molecular Structure and Its Changes, Expressed on the Scale of Temperature Influence

Aquaphotomics utilizes water-light interaction for in-depth exploration of water, its structure and role in aqueous and biologic systems. The aquagram, a major analytical tool of aquaphotomics, allows comparison of water molecular structures of different samples by comparing their respective absorbance spectral patterns. Temperature is the strongest perturbation of water changing almost all water species. To better interpret and understand spectral patterns, the objective of this work was to develop a novel, temperature-scaled aquagram that provides standardized information about changes in water molecular structure caused by solutes, with its effects translated to those which would have been caused by respective temperature changes. NIR spectra of Milli-Q water in the temperature range of 20-70 °C and aqueous solutions of potassium chloride in concentration range of 1 to 1000 mM were recorded to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed novel tool. The obtained results presented the influence of salt on the water molecular structure expressed as the equivalent effect of temperature in degrees of Celsius. The temperature-based aquagrams showed the well-known structure breaking and structure making effects of salts on water spectral pattern, for the first time presented in the terms of temperature influence on pure water. This new method enables comparison of spectral patterns providing a universal tool for evaluation of various bio-aqueous systems which can provide better insight into the system's functionality

Aquagrams: Water spectral pattern as characterization of hydrogenated nanomaterial

Akvafotomika je novi pristup u nauci o određivanju osobina vode, vodenih rastvora i prisustva u malim koncentracijama biomolekula i nanomaterijala u vodi. Ova metoda se zasniva na karakterističnim frekvencijama vode u infracrvenom (IR) spektru na osnovu kojih se izrađuje dijagram oblika 'paukove mreže'. Promene u spektralnom dijagramu 'paukove mreže' čiste vode, daje informaciju o prisustvu i organizaciji dodate materije u vodu. Intenzitet poremećaja spektara je proporcionalan koncentraciji i organizaciji unete materije. Umesto da se identifikuju čestice (mikro, nano) u vodi, kao što je do sada bio slučaj (a što je dosta teško kada se radi o malim koncentracijama), u akvagramu se identifikuju najmanje promene matriksa vode na karakterističnim frekvencijama. Karakter i intenzitet tih promena u našem istraživanju omogućio je analizu interakciju vode i hidrogenizovanog fulerenskog nanomaterijala. Infracrvena spektroskopija, sa novim razvijenim konceptom, 'paukovom mrežom', se koristi da se ispita organizacija novo nastale supstance, kao mešavina harmonizovanog hidrogeniranog fulerena (NHS) i demineralizovane vode. Analiza akvagrama pokazuje da se NHS organizovao u formu Fibonačijevog niza (Φ/φ) i da preko vodoničnih veza deluje na okruženje. Efekat razblaživanja NHS supstance na vodu se takođe analizira pomoću akvagrama. Kako su neki biološki molekuli (mikrotubule, kolagen, klatrin i dr) uređeni po Fibonačijevom nizu to prisustvo NHS u biološkim tkivima može postati pokretačka snaga prirodnog procesa samo-reparacije, koja je u stanju da obnovi oštećene funkcije biomolekula. Ova istraživanja otvaraju mogućnost razvoja nanomedicine na bazi hidrogenizovanih nanomaterijala u vodi koji su uređeni i sposobni da generišu vibracione modove po Fibonačijemom nizu.Aquaphotomics is a novel approach in science to water and aqueous solutions investigation. It is based on near infrared spectroscopy (NIR), which in our current research is used for the analysis of interaction of water and hydrogenated nanomaterial. Infrared spectroscopy, with a new developed concept that of aquaphotomics, is used to investigate the organization of matter as a mixture of harmonized hydrogenated fullerene (nano-harmonized substance-NHS) and pure water. Composition of matter follows a harmonized form by Fibonacci law (Φ/φ). The effect of dilution on nano-harmonized substance is analyzed and the results of near infrared spectra are presented in the form of aquagrams. The presence of NHS in biological tissues is a driving force of natural self-assembly process, which is capable of restoration of damaged functions of biomolecules

Aquagrams: Water spectral pattern as characterization of hydrogenated nanomaterial

Akvafotomika je novi pristup u nauci o određivanju osobina vode, vodenih rastvora i prisustva u malim koncentracijama biomolekula i nanomaterijala u vodi. Ova metoda se zasniva na karakterističnim frekvencijama vode u infracrvenom (IR) spektru na osnovu kojih se izrađuje dijagram oblika 'paukove mreže'. Promene u spektralnom dijagramu 'paukove mreže' čiste vode, daje informaciju o prisustvu i organizaciji dodate materije u vodu. Intenzitet poremećaja spektara je proporcionalan koncentraciji i organizaciji unete materije. Umesto da se identifikuju čestice (mikro, nano) u vodi, kao što je do sada bio slučaj (a što je dosta teško kada se radi o malim koncentracijama), u akvagramu se identifikuju najmanje promene matriksa vode na karakterističnim frekvencijama. Karakter i intenzitet tih promena u našem istraživanju omogućio je analizu interakciju vode i hidrogenizovanog fulerenskog nanomaterijala. Infracrvena spektroskopija, sa novim razvijenim konceptom, 'paukovom mrežom', se koristi da se ispita organizacija novo nastale supstance, kao mešavina harmonizovanog hidrogeniranog fulerena (NHS) i demineralizovane vode. Analiza akvagrama pokazuje da se NHS organizovao u formu Fibonačijevog niza (Φ/φ) i da preko vodoničnih veza deluje na okruženje. Efekat razblaživanja NHS supstance na vodu se takođe analizira pomoću akvagrama. Kako su neki biološki molekuli (mikrotubule, kolagen, klatrin i dr) uređeni po Fibonačijevom nizu to prisustvo NHS u biološkim tkivima može postati pokretačka snaga prirodnog procesa samo-reparacije, koja je u stanju da obnovi oštećene funkcije biomolekula. Ova istraživanja otvaraju mogućnost razvoja nanomedicine na bazi hidrogenizovanih nanomaterijala u vodi koji su uređeni i sposobni da generišu vibracione modove po Fibonačijemom nizu.Aquaphotomics is a novel approach in science to water and aqueous solutions investigation. It is based on near infrared spectroscopy (NIR), which in our current research is used for the analysis of interaction of water and hydrogenated nanomaterial. Infrared spectroscopy, with a new developed concept that of aquaphotomics, is used to investigate the organization of matter as a mixture of harmonized hydrogenated fullerene (nano-harmonized substance-NHS) and pure water. Composition of matter follows a harmonized form by Fibonacci law (Φ/φ). The effect of dilution on nano-harmonized substance is analyzed and the results of near infrared spectra are presented in the form of aquagrams. The presence of NHS in biological tissues is a driving force of natural self-assembly process, which is capable of restoration of damaged functions of biomolecules

Review – Plant nutritional status analysis employing the visible and near-infrared spectroscopy spectral sensor

Experiments demonstrated that visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy is a highly reliable tool for determining the nutritional status of plants. Although numerous studies on various kinds of plants have been conducted, there are only a few summaries of the research findings regarding the absorbance bands in the visible and near-infrared region and how they relate to the nutritional status of plants. This article will discuss the application of Vis-NIR spectroscopy for monitoring the nutrient conditions of plants, with a particular emphasis on three major components required by plants, namely nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), or NPK. Each section discussed different topics, for instance, the essential nutrients needed by plants, the application of Vis-NIR spectroscopy in nutrient status analysis, chemometrics tools, and absorbance bands related to the nutrient status, respectively. Deduction made concluded that factors affecting the plant's structure are contributed by several circumstances like the age of leaves, concentration of pigments, and water content. These factors are intertwined, strongly correlated, and can be observed in the visible and near-infrared regions. While the visible region is commonly utilised for nutritional analysis in plants, the literature review performed in this paper shows that the near-infrared region as well contains valuable information about the plant's nutritional status. A few wavelengths related to the direct estimation of nutrients in this review explained that information on nutrients can be linked with chlorophyll and water absorption bands such that N and P are the components of chlorophyll and protein; on the other hand, K exists in the form of cationic carbohydrates which are sensitive to water region

Real-Time Monitoring of Yogurt Fermentation Process by Aquaphotomics Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Automated quality control could have a substantial economic impact on the dairy industry. At present, monitoring of yogurt production is performed by sampling for microbiological and physicochemical measurements. In this study, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is proposed for non-invasive automated control of yogurt production and better understanding of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation. UHT (ultra-high temperature) sterilized milk was inoculated with Bulgarian yogurt and placed into a quartz cuvette (1 mm pathlength) and test-tubes. Yogurt absorbance spectra (830–2500 nm) were acquired every 15 min, and pH, in the respective test-tubes, was measured every 30 min, during 8 h of fermentation. Spectral data showed substantial baseline and slope changes with acidification. These variations corresponded to respective features of the microbiological growth curve showing water structural changes, protein denaturation, and coagulation of milk. Moving Window Principal Component Analysis (MWPCA) was applied in the spectral range of 954–1880 nm to detect absorbance bands where most variations in the loading curves were caused by LAB fermentation. Characteristic wavelength regions related to the observed physical and multiple chemical changes were identified. The results proved that NIRS is a valuable tool for real-time monitoring and better understanding of the yogurt fermentation process

Evaluating Spectral Signals to Identify Spectral Error.

Since the precision and accuracy level of a chemometric model is highly influenced by the quality of the raw spectral data, it is very important to evaluate the recorded spectra and describe the erroneous regions before qualitative and quantitative analyses or detailed band assignment. This paper provides a collection of basic spectral analytical procedures and demonstrates their applicability in detecting errors of near infrared data. Evaluation methods based on standard deviation, coefficient of variation, mean centering and smoothing techniques are presented. Applications of derivatives with various gap sizes, even below the bandpass of the spectrometer, are shown to evaluate the level of spectral errors and find their origin. The possibility for prudent measurement of the third overtone region of water is also highlighted by evaluation of a complex data recorded with various spectrometers