Assessing the role of dispersed floralresources for managed bees in providingsupporting ecosystem services for croppollination

Most pollination ecosystem services studies have focussed on wild pollinators and their dependence on natural floral resources adjacent to crop fields. However, managed pollinators depend on a mixture of floral resources that are spatially separated from the crop field. Here, we consider the supporting role these resources play as an ecosystem services provider to quantify the use and availability of floral resources, and to estimate their relative contribution to support pollination services of managed honeybees. Beekeepers supplying pollination services to the Western Cape deciduous fruit industry were interviewed to obtain information on their use of floral resources. For 120 apiary sites, we also analysed floral resources within a two km radius of each site based on geographic data. The relative availability of floral resources at sites was compared to regional availability. The relative contribution of floral resources-types to sustain managed honeybees was estimated. Beekeepers showed a strong preference for eucalypts and canola. Beekeepers selectively placed more hives at sites with eucalypt and canola and less with natural vegetation. However, at the landscape-scale, eucalypt was the least available resource, whereas natural vegetation was most common. Based on analysis of apiary sites, we estimated that 700,818 ha of natural vegetation, 73,910 ha of canola fields, and 10,485 ha of eucalypt are used to support the managed honeybee industry in the Western Cape. Whereas the Cape managed honeybee system uses a bee native to the region, alien plant species appear disproportionately important among the floral resources being exploited. We suggest that an integrated approach, including evidence from interview and landscape data, and fine-scale biological data is needed to study floral resources supporting managed honeybees

The meaning and practice of stewardship in South Africa

Stewardship offers a means of addressing social-ecological sustainability challenges, from the local to the global level. The concept of stewardship has had various meanings attached to it over time, and the links between the theory and practice of stewardship are not well understood. We sought to characterise the practice of stewardship in South Africa, to better understand the relationship between theory and practice. We found that practitioners' understandings of stewardship coalesce around two core notions: the idea of stewardship as 'responsible use and care' of nature, and stewardship as a 'balancing act' between stewards' use of natural resources for agricultural production and their responsibility to protect and manage the wider ecosystem. Stewardship practice in South Africa is strongly influenced by the biodiversity stewardship tool; however, many practitioners are integrating biodiversity stewardship with other approaches. These emerging social-ecological stewardship initiatives operate at landscape-level and work towards integrated social and ecological stewardship outcomes, by facilitating collaboration among diverse stakeholders. Further research is needed to better understand what is required to support these integrated, collaborative and cross-sectoral initiatives. Policy mechanisms that facilitate integrated place-based stewardship practice can contribute to expanding the practice of biodiversity stewardship in South Africa

Developing long-term monitoring of natural areas for a Unesco world heritage site: study case of la Reunion

La Réunion island, in the Mascarenes, has been recognized as a World Heritage site for its Piton, Cirques and Remparts since 2010. The site, coinciding with the core zone of La Réunion National Park, represents 100000 ha, equivalent to 40 % of the island. These dramatic landscapes of rugged terrain, impressive escarpments, forested gorges are dominated by three cliff-rimmed cirques and two volcanoes ― a dormant massif forming the highest peak, Piton des Neiges (3069 m), and in the eastern part of the island lies the very active volcano, the Piton de la Fournaise (2632 m). The island harbours a wide variety of natural habitats (tropical montane cloud forests, subalpine shrublands, lowland forests, dry forest…), now all remnant in the Mascarene archipelago, that host high levels of endemism for both flora and fauna. Thereby, La Réunion is the most significant contributor towards conservation of terrestrial biodiversity in the Mascarene islands. The Divines project (FEDER) aims at developing innovative methods for characterizing and monitoring terrestrial biodiversity in the long term for conservation managers to ensure the protection of this world heritage site. In this poster, a description of the goals, actions and preliminary results of the DIVINES project will be described from gene to ecosystem levels

Pollination ecosystem services in South African agricultural systems

Insect pollinators, both managed and wild, have become a focus of global scientific, political and media attention because of their apparent decline and the perceived impact of this decline on crop production. Crop pollination by insects is an essential ecosystem service that increases the yield and quality of approximately 35% of crops worldwide. Pollinator declines are a consequence of multiple environmental pressures, e.g. habitat transformation and fragmentation, loss of floral resources, pesticides, pests and diseases, and climate change. Similar environmental pressures are faced in South Africa where there is a high demand for pollination services. In this paper, we synthesise data on the importance of different pollinators as a basis for services to South African crops and on the status of managed honeybees. We also focus on insect pollination services for the Western Cape deciduous fruit industry, which is worth ZAR9800 million per year and is heavily reliant on pollination services from managed honeybees. We discuss landscape and regional level floral resources needed to maintain sufficient numbers of managed honeybee colonies. In summary, the available literature shows a lack of data on diversity and abundance of crop pollinators, and a lack of long-term data to assess declines. We highlight key areas that require research in South Africa and emphasise the critical role of floral resource availability at the landscape and regional scale to sustain pollinators. We conclude that understanding the dynamics of how floral resources are used will help inform how landscapes could be better managed in order to provide long-term sustainable pollination services

Collaborative stewardship in multifunctional landscapes: Toward relational, pluralistic approaches

Landscape stewardship offers a means to put social-ecological approaches to stewardship into practice. The growing interest in landscape stewardship has led to a focus on multistakeholder collaboration. Although there is a significant body of literature on collaborative management and governance of natural resources, the particular challenges posed by multifunctional landscapes, in which there are often contested interests, require closer attention. We present a case study from South Africa to investigate how collaborative stewardship can be fostered in contested multifunctional landscapes. We conducted this research through an engaged transdisciplinary research partnership in which we integrated social-ecological practitioner and academic knowledge to gain an in-depth understanding of the challenges of fostering collaboration. We identified five overarching factors that influence collaboration: contextual, institutional, social-relational, individual, and political-historical. Collaborative stewardship approaches focused on the development of formal governance institutions appear to be most successful if enabling individual and social-relational conditions are in place. Our case study, characterized by high social diversity, inequity, and contestation, suggests that consensus-driven approaches to collaboration are unlikely to result in equitable and sustainable landscape stewardship in such contexts. We therefore suggest an approach that focuses on enhancing individual and social-relational enablers. Moreover, we propose a bottom-up patchwork approach to collaborative stewardship premised on the notion of pluralism. This would focus on building new interpersonal relationships and collaborative capacity through small collective actions. Taking a relational, pluralistic approach to fostering collaborative stewardship is particularly important in contested, socially heterogeneous landscapes. Drawing on our study and the literature, we propose guiding principles for implementing relational, pluralistic approaches to collaborative stewardship and suggest future research directions for supporting such approaches

Forestry plantations as a pathway for invasive alien plants in the National Park at Réunion island

Identifying pathways of introduction remains a major priority to prevent future plant invasions into natural areas. In this study, we assessed whether forestry plantations favor alien plant dissemination into the National Park of Reunion. Results showed significant decrease in the percentage of alien plant biomass from the forestry plantations to the undisturbed areas. At one site, a significant difference was also found for the mean alien species number and the mean alien plant abundance. In both sites, numerous alien species were present in the understorey of Cryptomeria plantations only, with some already escaping and occurring at the entrance of the National Park. This study recommends strengthening early detection and rapid response of alien plants and suggests alternative management approaches in forestry plantations, including the use of community-based restoration programmes.Une des priorités pour contrôler les futures invasions floristiques est d’identifier les voies d’introduction aux abords des aires naturelles. Dans cette étude, nous avons testé si les forêts cultivées peuvent favoriser l’envahissement par les plantes exotiques à l’intérieur du Parc national de la Réunion. Les résultats montrent une diminution significative du pourcentage de la biomasse végétale des plantes exotiques des forêts cultivées vers le milieu naturel. Les différences sont également significatives au niveau d’un des deux sites étudiés concernant les moyennes du nombre de plantes exotiques et de la somme de l’abondance des plantes. Dans les deux cas, de nombreuses espèces sont présentes seulement en sous-bois de forêts cultivées ou également à l’entrée du Parc national. Cette étude préconise de renforcer les actions de détection précoce et de réponse rapide. Les auteurs proposent également la mise en place de méthodes de gestion alternatives de ces habitats incluant une approche participative de la population dans des programmes de restauration

Forestry plantations as a pathway for invasive alien plants in the National Park at Réunion island

Identifying pathways of introduction remains a major priority to prevent future plant invasions into natural areas. In this study, we assessed whether forestry plantations favor alien plant dissemination into the National Park of Reunion. Results showed significant decrease in the percentage of alien plant biomass from the forestry plantations to the undisturbed areas. At one site, a significant difference was also found for the mean alien species number and the mean alien plant abundance. In both sites, numerous alien species were present in the understorey of Cryptomeria plantations only, with some already escaping and occurring at the entrance of the National Park. This study recommends strengthening early detection and rapid response of alien plants and suggests alternative management approaches in forestry plantations, including the use of community-based restoration programmes.Une des priorités pour contrôler les futures invasions floristiques est d’identifier les voies d’introduction aux abords des aires naturelles. Dans cette étude, nous avons testé si les forêts cultivées peuvent favoriser l’envahissement par les plantes exotiques à l’intérieur du Parc national de la Réunion. Les résultats montrent une diminution significative du pourcentage de la biomasse végétale des plantes exotiques des forêts cultivées vers le milieu naturel. Les différences sont également significatives au niveau d’un des deux sites étudiés concernant les moyennes du nombre de plantes exotiques et de la somme de l’abondance des plantes. Dans les deux cas, de nombreuses espèces sont présentes seulement en sous-bois de forêts cultivées ou également à l’entrée du Parc national. Cette étude préconise de renforcer les actions de détection précoce et de réponse rapide. Les auteurs proposent également la mise en place de méthodes de gestion alternatives de ces habitats incluant une approche participative de la population dans des programmes de restauration