L’approche géographique de la santé développée au Centre Muraz de 1999 à 2014 (Burkina Faso)

Les géographes se sont intéressés très tôt aux questions de santé et particulièrement dans la zone intertropicale où l’insalubrité étroitement liée aux conditions du milieu leur offrait matière à réflexion. L’approche géographique contribue à l’étude des variations spatiales, temporelles et sociales des pathologies. Le centre Muraz de Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso) a intégré cette approche depuis 1999 dans ses différentes thématiques de recherche afin de mettre en exergue le lien environnement et santé, qui n’était pas suffisamment pris en compte dans les travaux de recherche. Pour toutes les études, l’approche a consisté en une phase de recherche documentaire et de données cartographiques (archives et fonds de cartes) et une phase de terrain caractérisée par le géoréférencement de l’habitat et du peuplement et la collecte de données sociales et sanitaires. Ces données collectées ont été saisies, puis transférées et traitées avec les outils classiques de la géographie, notamment le Système d’Information Géographique, pour la réalisation de cartes thématiques. De 1999 à 2014, à partir de nombreuses bases de données géoréférencées relatives aux pathologies étudiées (paludisme, VIH/SIDA, maladie du sommeil, méningite, fièvre jaune), des centaines de cartes thématiques ont été créées. Cette cartographie a permis une meilleure lecture de la dynamique de transmission des maladies par l’étude des interrelations spatiales qui lient les composantes du système pathogène de chaque pathologie. Les résultats issus de travaux pluridisciplinaires montrent l’importance du Système d’Information Géographique et de l’environnement dans l’approche géographique de la santé dont l’objectif final est de proposer une bonne orientation géographique des efforts de lutte déployés contre les maladies.Geographers are interested very early in issues of health and particularly in the intertropical zone where closely related to the environmental and sanitation conditions, offered material for reflection. The geographical approach contributes to the study of fluctuations in spatial, temporal and social pathologies. The Centre Muraz of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso), has incorporated this approach since 1999 in its different research themes in order to highlight the link between environment and health, which was not sufficiently taken into account in research. For all studies, the approach consisted to documentary and mapping data research (archives and maps) and field activities characterized by the georeferencing of housing and settlement, the social and health data collection. These collected data were seized, and then transferred and analyzed with the geographical tools, including the Geographic Information System, for the creation of thematic maps. From 1999 to 2014, from many databases referenced the studied diseases (malaria, HIV/AIDS, sleeping sickness, meningitis, yellow fever), hundreds of thematic maps have been created. This mapping has allowed a better reading of the transmission dynamics of diseases by the study of the spatial interrelationships that bind the components of the pathogen system of each disease. The results of multidisciplinary work show the importance of the Geographic Information System and environment in the geographic approach of health whose final objective is to propose a proper geographical orientation of control efforts against diseases

L’approche géographique de la santé développée au Centre Muraz de 1999 à 2014 (Burkina Faso)

International audienceGeographers are interested very early in issues of health and particularly in the intertropical zone where closely related to theenvironmental and sanitation conditions, offered material for reflection. The geographical approach contributes to the study offluctuations in spatial, temporal and social pathologies. The Centre Muraz of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso), has incorporated thisapproach since 1999 in its different research themes in order to highlight the link between environment and health, which was notsufficiently taken into account in research. For all studies, the approach consisted to documentary and mapping data research(archives and maps) and field activities characterized by the georeferencing of housing and settlement, the social and healthdata collection. These collected data were seized, and then transferred and analyzed with the geographical tools, includingthe Geographic Information System, for the creation of thematic maps. From 1999 to 2014, from many databases referenced thestudied diseases (malaria, HIV/AIDS, sleeping sickness, meningitis, yellow fever), hundreds of thematic maps have been created.This mapping has allowed a better reading of the transmission dynamics of diseases by the study of the spatial interrelationshipsthat bind the components of the pathogen system of each disease. The results of multidisciplinary work show the importance ofthe Geographic Information System and environment in the geographic approach of health whose final objective is to propose aproper geographical orientation of control efforts against diseases.Les géographes se sont intéressés très tôt aux questions de santé et particulièrement dans la zone intertropicale où l’insalubritéétroitement liée aux conditions du milieu leur offrait matière à réflexion. L’approche géographique contribue à l’étude des variationsspatiales, temporelles et sociales des pathologies. Le centre Muraz de Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso) a intégré cette approchedepuis 1999 dans ses différentes thématiques de recherche afin de mettre en exergue le lien environnement et santé, qui n’étaitpas suffisamment pris en compte dans les travaux de recherche. Pour toutes les études, l’approche a consisté en une phase derecherche documentaire et de données cartographiques (archives et fonds de cartes) et une phase de terrain caractérisée par legéoréférencement de l’habitat et du peuplement et la collecte de données sociales et sanitaires. Ces données collectées ont étésaisies, puis transférées et traitées avec les outils classiques de la géographie, notamment le Système d’Information Géographique,pour la réalisation de cartes thématiques. De 1999 à 2014, à partir de nombreuses bases de données géoréférencées relatives auxpathologies étudiées (paludisme, VIH/SIDA, maladie du sommeil, méningite, fièvre jaune), des centaines de cartes thématiquesont été créées. Cette cartographie a permis une meilleure lecture de la dynamique de transmission des maladies par l’étudedes interrelations spatiales qui lient les composantes du système pathogène de chaque pathologie. Les résultats issus de travauxpluridisciplinaires montrent l’importance du Système d’Information Géographique et de l’environnement dans l’approchegéographique de la santé dont l’objectif final est de proposer une bonne orientation géographique des efforts de lutte déployéscontre les maladies

L’approche géographique de la santé développée au Centre Muraz de 1999 à 2014 (Burkina Faso)

International audienceGeographers are interested very early in issues of health and particularly in the intertropical zone where closely related to theenvironmental and sanitation conditions, offered material for reflection. The geographical approach contributes to the study offluctuations in spatial, temporal and social pathologies. The Centre Muraz of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso), has incorporated thisapproach since 1999 in its different research themes in order to highlight the link between environment and health, which was notsufficiently taken into account in research. For all studies, the approach consisted to documentary and mapping data research(archives and maps) and field activities characterized by the georeferencing of housing and settlement, the social and healthdata collection. These collected data were seized, and then transferred and analyzed with the geographical tools, includingthe Geographic Information System, for the creation of thematic maps. From 1999 to 2014, from many databases referenced thestudied diseases (malaria, HIV/AIDS, sleeping sickness, meningitis, yellow fever), hundreds of thematic maps have been created.This mapping has allowed a better reading of the transmission dynamics of diseases by the study of the spatial interrelationshipsthat bind the components of the pathogen system of each disease. The results of multidisciplinary work show the importance ofthe Geographic Information System and environment in the geographic approach of health whose final objective is to propose aproper geographical orientation of control efforts against diseases.Les géographes se sont intéressés très tôt aux questions de santé et particulièrement dans la zone intertropicale où l’insalubritéétroitement liée aux conditions du milieu leur offrait matière à réflexion. L’approche géographique contribue à l’étude des variationsspatiales, temporelles et sociales des pathologies. Le centre Muraz de Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso) a intégré cette approchedepuis 1999 dans ses différentes thématiques de recherche afin de mettre en exergue le lien environnement et santé, qui n’étaitpas suffisamment pris en compte dans les travaux de recherche. Pour toutes les études, l’approche a consisté en une phase derecherche documentaire et de données cartographiques (archives et fonds de cartes) et une phase de terrain caractérisée par legéoréférencement de l’habitat et du peuplement et la collecte de données sociales et sanitaires. Ces données collectées ont étésaisies, puis transférées et traitées avec les outils classiques de la géographie, notamment le Système d’Information Géographique,pour la réalisation de cartes thématiques. De 1999 à 2014, à partir de nombreuses bases de données géoréférencées relatives auxpathologies étudiées (paludisme, VIH/SIDA, maladie du sommeil, méningite, fièvre jaune), des centaines de cartes thématiquesont été créées. Cette cartographie a permis une meilleure lecture de la dynamique de transmission des maladies par l’étudedes interrelations spatiales qui lient les composantes du système pathogène de chaque pathologie. Les résultats issus de travauxpluridisciplinaires montrent l’importance du Système d’Information Géographique et de l’environnement dans l’approchegéographique de la santé dont l’objectif final est de proposer une bonne orientation géographique des efforts de lutte déployéscontre les maladies

L’approche géographique de la santé développée au Centre Muraz de 1999 à 2014 (Burkina Faso)

International audienceGeographers are interested very early in issues of health and particularly in the intertropical zone where closely related to theenvironmental and sanitation conditions, offered material for reflection. The geographical approach contributes to the study offluctuations in spatial, temporal and social pathologies. The Centre Muraz of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso), has incorporated thisapproach since 1999 in its different research themes in order to highlight the link between environment and health, which was notsufficiently taken into account in research. For all studies, the approach consisted to documentary and mapping data research(archives and maps) and field activities characterized by the georeferencing of housing and settlement, the social and healthdata collection. These collected data were seized, and then transferred and analyzed with the geographical tools, includingthe Geographic Information System, for the creation of thematic maps. From 1999 to 2014, from many databases referenced thestudied diseases (malaria, HIV/AIDS, sleeping sickness, meningitis, yellow fever), hundreds of thematic maps have been created.This mapping has allowed a better reading of the transmission dynamics of diseases by the study of the spatial interrelationshipsthat bind the components of the pathogen system of each disease. The results of multidisciplinary work show the importance ofthe Geographic Information System and environment in the geographic approach of health whose final objective is to propose aproper geographical orientation of control efforts against diseases.Les géographes se sont intéressés très tôt aux questions de santé et particulièrement dans la zone intertropicale où l’insalubritéétroitement liée aux conditions du milieu leur offrait matière à réflexion. L’approche géographique contribue à l’étude des variationsspatiales, temporelles et sociales des pathologies. Le centre Muraz de Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso) a intégré cette approchedepuis 1999 dans ses différentes thématiques de recherche afin de mettre en exergue le lien environnement et santé, qui n’étaitpas suffisamment pris en compte dans les travaux de recherche. Pour toutes les études, l’approche a consisté en une phase derecherche documentaire et de données cartographiques (archives et fonds de cartes) et une phase de terrain caractérisée par legéoréférencement de l’habitat et du peuplement et la collecte de données sociales et sanitaires. Ces données collectées ont étésaisies, puis transférées et traitées avec les outils classiques de la géographie, notamment le Système d’Information Géographique,pour la réalisation de cartes thématiques. De 1999 à 2014, à partir de nombreuses bases de données géoréférencées relatives auxpathologies étudiées (paludisme, VIH/SIDA, maladie du sommeil, méningite, fièvre jaune), des centaines de cartes thématiquesont été créées. Cette cartographie a permis une meilleure lecture de la dynamique de transmission des maladies par l’étudedes interrelations spatiales qui lient les composantes du système pathogène de chaque pathologie. Les résultats issus de travauxpluridisciplinaires montrent l’importance du Système d’Information Géographique et de l’environnement dans l’approchegéographique de la santé dont l’objectif final est de proposer une bonne orientation géographique des efforts de lutte déployéscontre les maladies

Identification des Villages à Risque (IVR) : pour un état des lieux de la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine au Niger

In Niger, Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) was under control as early as the 1950s and the last case of native HAT known in the literature was detected in 1972. In 2013, WHO demonstrated its willingness to eliminate the disease as a public health problem by 2020, it was therefore imperative to update the situation of HAT in Niger. However, in the absence of recent epidemiological data, where should the medical teams be directed? The method of Identification of Villages at Risk (IVR) of HAT allows to establish, on the basis of criteria related to the history of the disease and the current geographical conditions, a list of villages at risk. These localities are then visited by a small team that collects epidemiological, geographical and entomological data, which are then structured in a geo-referenced database that is queried. The villages most likely to host a case of HAT are then proposed for a survey. In 2015, 28 localities identified as at risk were visited by the light team, and of the 384 rapid Diagnostic Tests (TDR) carried out, 12 were positive but none responded positively to the specific immune trypanolysis test, discarding the diagnosis of HAT. The South of Niger is still home to a few well-preserved forest-galleries which are tsetse-friendly, exposing the riparian populations to their sting. Eleven villages were finally proposed for exhaustive medical exploration. The contact between human and tsetse fly must be restricted to a very specific population, which conducts activities within or outside the W National Park. The situation of HAT in Niger needs to be clarified in order to implement the appropriate control strategies to be put in place for its eliminatio

Reducing Human-Tsetse Contact Significantly Enhances the Efficacy of Sleeping Sickness Active Screening Campaigns: A Promising Result in the Context of Elimination

Background Control of gambiense sleeping sickness, a neglected tropical disease targeted for elimination by 2020, relies mainly on mass screening of populations at risk and treatment of cases. This strategy is however challenged by the existence of undetected reservoirs of parasites that contribute to the maintenance of transmission. In this study, performed in the Boffa disease focus of Guinea, we evaluated the value of adding vector control to medical surveys and measured its impact on disease burden. Methods The focus was divided into two parts (screen and treat in the western part; screen and treat plus vector control in the eastern part) separated by the Rio Pongo river. Population census and baseline entomological data were collected from the entire focus at the beginning of the study and insecticide impregnated targets were deployed on the eastern bank only. Medical surveys were performed in both areas in 2012 and 2013. Findings In the vector control area, there was an 80% decrease in tsetse density, resulting in a significant decrease of human tsetse contacts, and a decrease of disease prevalence (from 0.3% to 0.1%; p=0.01), and an almost nil incidence of new infections (1%, p<0.0001) with a disease prevalence increasing slightly (from 0.5 to 0.7%, p=0.34). Interpretation Combining medical and vector control was decisive in reducing T. b. gambiense transmission and in speeding up progress towards elimination. Similar strategies could be applied in other foci

Hepatitis E Virus Infections among Patients with Acute Febrile Jaundice in Burkina Faso

International audienceHepatitis E virus infection is a significant public health problem in many parts of the world including Africa. We tested serum samples from 900 patients in Burkina Faso presenting with febrile icterus. They all tested negative for yellow fever, but those from 23/900 (2.6%) patients contained markers of acute HEV infection (anti-HEV IgM and HEV RNA positive). Genotyping indicated that 14 of the strains were HEV genotype 2b. There was an overall HEV IgG seroprevalence of 18.2% (164/900). In a bivariate analysis, the factors linked to HEV exposure were climate and patient age. Older patients and those living in arid regions were more likely to have HEV infection. HEV genotype 2b circulating only in humans can be involved in some acute febrile icterus cases in Burkina Faso. Better access to safe water, sanitation, and improved personal hygiene should improve control of HEV infection in this country

Evolution of tsetse densities during the study period in the Boffa focus.

<p>Box plots showing the median and 10^th, 25^th, 75^th and 90^th centiles of catches of tsetse from six sampling rounds (May 2011—November 2013) in Boffa West (a.) where no tsetse control intervention where initiated and Boffa East (b.) where insecticide-impregnated targets were deployed. Blue arrows indicate insecticide-impregnated target deployment/replacement. P-values of the difference between each monitoring round and pre-treatment data in May 2011 are indicated (Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test).</p

Incidence of new infection events.

<p>The incidence of new specific sero-conversion events and of confirmed HAT cases was calculated in Boffa West and Boffa East based on individuals that tested negative to the CATT in 2012 and who were seen again during the 2013 medical survey.</p><p>¹ Positive to the CATT test and positive to the <i>T</i>. <i>b</i>. <i>gambiense</i> immune trypanolysis test</p><p>² Trypanosomes were detected by direct microscopic examination of lymph node aspirates or by the mini-anion exchange centrifugation test performed on buffy coat.</p><p>³ P-value (Fisher exact test).</p><p>Incidence of new infection events.</p

Histogram showing the changes of anti Tsgf18-43 IgGs responses in 2012 and 2013 in the vector control area (Boffa East).

<p>Distributions of anti Tsgf_18-43 Elisa optical densities obtained from 652 individuals in 2012 and 539 individuals in 2013 sampled in sentinel villages of the vector control area (Boffa East). Dashed lines represent the quartiles of the IgG response calculated in 2012.</p