Magnetron Development

Contains reports on two research projects

Magnetron Development

Contains reports on three research projects

Microwave and Physical Electronics

Contains reports on six research projects

PPARβ is essential for <i>X. laevis</i> development.

<p>(A) Design of the morpholino (PPARβ MO) to target PPARβ translation and of the control morpholino (Co). Capital letters designate nucleotides that can hybridize with the PPARβ MO. (B) Immunoblot showing endogenous PPARβ levels in non-injected embryos (Ni) and embryos injected with PPARβ MO or Co. β-actin served as a loading control. (C) Scoring of A–P axis defects. Different doses of PPARβ MO, Co, or a combination of PPARβ MO and PPARβ_rescue mRNA were injected. Embryos with a length about a third of that of non-injected sibling embryos were scored as ‘very-short axis’, and those with a length of about two thirds of normal were scored as ‘short axis’. (D) Representative not-injected (Ni), Co-injected (Co), MO-injected (MO), and MO combined with rescue injected (PPARβ MO + PPARβ_rescue) embryos.</p

Rate of transcript level variation is maximal at gastrula stage.

<p>(A) Data from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0083300#pone.0083300-Irie1" target="_blank">[23]</a> were used to quantify transcription variations during normal development. The number of genes showing an RNA level increase or decrease by 2×, 4×, or 8× between two consecutive stages was plotted. Data were normalized by the duration, in hours, of each developmental period analysed. (B) The group of genes with RNA levels that increased 4× or more between stage 11 and stage 13 was considered, and the RNA levels of these genes were plotted at different developmental stages. The rectangles delineate the 25^th and 75^th percentiles, the horizontal bar is the median, and the whiskers indicate the 10^th and 90^th percentiles.</p

PPARβ promotes the initiation of differentiation at gastrulation.

<p>(A) Rationale of the transcriptomic analysis of PPARβ loss-of-function. (B) The gene set consisting of predicted direct PPAR target genes in humans <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0083300#pone.0083300-Heinaniemi1" target="_blank">[33]</a> was analysed by GSEA. (C) The Gene Ontology terms or the gene sets that were significantly (FDR<0.2) affected by PPARβ loss-of-function are presented. The gene sets corresponding to germ layer specification are also presented. (D) The gene sets consisting of the 100 most-induced genes and of the 100 most-decreased genes at gastrula (see also <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0083300#pone.0083300.s005" target="_blank">Fig. S5</a>) were analysed by GSEA. FDR, false discovery rate; GSEA, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis; NES, Normalized enrichment score.</p

As a Matter of Fact: The Harms Caused by Election Disinformation

The United States is at a critical juncture. More than 1 in 3 U.S. residents—and nearly 80% of Republicans—wrongly believe that President Joe Biden did not legitimately win the election, and a majority say they "do not have confidence that elections reflect the will of the people." Donald Trump's Big Lie is working, and we have to respond. Just as we came together last year, rising up to vote safely and securely in record numbers during a global pandemic, we must now rise up to stop election disinformation efforts in future elections. This report is a game plan for success.As online election disinformation has increased, Common Cause Education Fund's commitment to monitoring and stopping it has likewise increased. As part of our plan to combat election disinformation, Common Cause Education Fund has prepared this report to explain the problem of election disinformation in detail and propose commonsense public and corporate policy reforms to reduce the harmful impacts of election disinformation in future elections. The report's final section is a series of state, federal and corporate reforms to help stem the flow of election disinformation that is undermining Americans' faith in the nation's elections