Political Patronage and the First Amendment: to the Victor Go Fewer Spoils

Political Patronage And The First Amendment: To The Victor Go Fewer Spoil

State v. Cunningham and Montana\u27s Rule on Double Jeopardy

State v. Cunningham And Montana\u27s Rule On Double Jeopard

Family Systems and Fertility, Western Europe 1870-1960

This paper investigates the associations between fertility decline in Western Europe since the nineteenth century and the most elementary institution through which relationships between kin are defined: the family. Fertility levels in Western Europe declined strongly since the mid-nineteenth century but also show marked regional variations, comparable to developments in sub-Saharan Africa in the world today. Recent explanations of fertility decline point at the role of social relationships with kin and non-kin in the diffusion of family limitation. Based on the classification of family systems by Emmanuel Todd, theoretical connections between family systems and the level and speed of fertility change are made. Non-authoritarian family systems are expected to be more open towards change since non-kin are more likely to enter the social network. Authoritarian family systems on the other hand are expected to maintain higher levels of fertility due to the dense kinship networks. The findings in this paper show no clear association between family systems and reproductive outcomes during the course of the demographic transition. Fertility outcomes are more strongly associated with past fertility levels and the level of fertility in neighbouring regions

Family influences on fertility in Europe, 1850-1920

Human fertility rates showed a marked decline in Western Europe from the mid-nineteenth century until the beginning of the twentieth century. The causes of this decline have been studied extensively, but no complete explanation to the observed patterns during this ‘First Demographic Transition’ has yet been given.  Following recent literature, this study examines the fertility decision-making process at the level of the individual. In particular it focusses on the role of other people - specifically family members - in shaping perceived constraints and preferences regarding parenthood. Family members can increase or reduce offspring survival chances and fertility outcomes by providing resources and support, or through social influences as social learning, social pressure, subjective obligations and social contagion.  The outcomes of this study show that family members influenced fertility outcomes in Western Europe during the first demographic transition. Their influence however varied depending on the type of kin and over time

The age difference between spouses and reproduction in 19th century Sweden

Background: The influence of spousal relations on reproductive outcomes has received considerable attention in the demographic literature. Previous studies have shown the complex interplay between age difference, female autonomy, and reproductive outcomes, but only a few have focused on historical high-fertility populations.Objective: This study investigates the associations between spousal age difference and the timing of first and higher order births, as well as the total number of children born.Methods: Data from the Demographic Data Base (married women, born between 1840 and 1889, first marriages only) are used to construct individual life courses in central and northern Sweden. The relative risk of age-homogamous and age-heterogamous couples having a child is examined using event history analysis. Poisson regression is applied to identify the effects of age difference on the total number of children born.Results: After controlling for the age of the wife, women in wife-older marriages show higher hazard rates for the transition to first and later order births compared to women in age-homogamous marriages. By contrast, women in husband-older marriages show lower hazard rates for the transition between births, with the exception of first childbirth. However, the net effect of spousal age difference on the total number of children ever born is small.Contribution: This study provides empirical evidence of the association between spousal age gap and fertility outcomes, using the spousal age gap as a proxy for conjugal power. It shows that women in wife-older marriages used their greater female autonomy to shorten the interval between childbirths, although the effect on the total number of children born is negligible

Economic Impact of North Dakota Laws that Permit Delayed or Partial Repayment of Agricultural Debt � July 1, 1986

Agricultural Finance,

Sialic acid-specific affinity chromatography for the separation of erythropoietin glycoforms using serotonin as a ligand

AbstractRecombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) is an important CHO cell-derived glycoprotein and the degree of sialylation of this hormone is crucial for its in vivo bioactivity. In order to improve the purification process serotonin as a potential affinity ligand was tested for preparative chromatographic separation of rhEPO glycoforms into fractions of different degrees of sialylation. Therefore, two chromatographic matrices were prepared by immobilizing serotonin on CNBr- and NHS-Sepharose™. First it was shown both matrices bind rhEPO only in its sialylated form. Results indicate that binding is pH independent between pH 3.5 to 8 suggesting it is not only based on electrostatic interactions. Second, after optimal binding conditions were identified, semi-purified rhEPO was loaded onto both matrices and eluted using a stepwise elution gradient of sodium chloride. For comparison same affinity purification experiments were performed using wheat germ agglutinin-coupled agarose, a lectin known for its affinity towards sialylated glycoproteins. To monitor changes in N-glycan fingerprint, eluate fractions were analyzed by multiplexed capillary gel electrophoresis coupled to laser-induced fluorescence (xCGE-LIF). For the serotonin matrices an increasing degree of sialylation was observed from the first to the third elution fraction while purity of rhEPO could be increased at the same time. The late elution fractions of serotonin-coupled CNBr- and NHS-Sepharose™ also showed an overall sialylation degree exceeding that of the starting material. In contrast, for rhEPO bound to wheat germ agglutinin-coupled agarose, no distinct change in the degree of sialylation could be observed after elution. Overall, these encouraging results highlight the potential of serotonin as a chromatographic ligand for the improvement of pharmaceutical purification processes of rhEPO