Protective effect of Cortisone and Hydrocortisone drugs on lysosomal damages induced by bacteria endotoxin in wistar rats

Objectives: Bacterial endotoxin as biological stress by multiple organs failure causes lysosomal enzyme leakage. Lysosome as a basic cytoplasmic organelle in animal tissues contains hydrolytic enzymes capable of degrading various cellular constituents. In this study protective effect of Cortisone acetate and hydrocortisone 21-sodium hemisuccinate on lysosomal damage and its association with change level of serum and hepatic acid phosphatase activity investigated. Methods: In this study, 30 rats equally divided to Control, tolerance and Endotoxin groups. The tolerance group (12.5 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly injection Cortisone acetate for 3 days and on the 4th day, the intravenous injection 12.5 mg/kg of hydrocortisone 21-sodium hemisuccinate). The induce endotoxin shock in rats with 2.5 mg/kg body weight intravenous injection of Salmonella endotoxin. Partial purification and beta-glucuronidase activity were determined by sephadexG75 chromatography and Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. Results: The results of this study shown a significant different in level serum and homogenate acid phosphatse activity in Tolerance group compared with the other groups (P<0.05). Also enzyme especial activity in all steps of purification, in Endotoxin group was more than the other groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Endotoxin shock as biological stressor by induction of lysosomal enzymes into the cell plays an important role in deterioration of cells. Also, it seems that protection of these particles by injection of cortisone acetate and hydrocortisone 21-sodium hemisuccinate can a significant resistance to induced stress by endotoxin shock

Gallic acid mitigates diclofenac-induced liver toxicity by modulating oxidative stress and suppressing IL-1β gene expression in male rats

Context: Diclofenac (DIC) is an NSAID and consumption of this drug creates side effects such as liver injury. Gallic acid (GA), a natural component of many plants, is used as an antioxidant agent. Objective: This study assesses the hepatoprotective effects of GA in the rat model of DIC-induced liver toxicity. Materials and methods: In this research, the male Wistar rats were separated into five groups (n = 6). Group 1, control, received normal saline (1 mL/kg bw, i.p.); Group 2 received DIC-only (50 mg/kg bw, i.p.); Groups 3, received DIC (50 mg/kg bw, i.p.) plus silymarin (100 mg/kg bw, po), groups 4 and 5 received DIC (50 mg/kg bw, i.p.) plus GA (50 and 100 mg/kg, po, respectively). Results: The data demonstrated that the liver levels of the GSH, GPx, SOD, and CAT significantly reduced and the levels of the serum protein carbonyl, AST, ALP, ALT, total bilirubin, MDA, serum IL-1β, and the liver IL-1β gene expression were remarkably increased in the second group compared to control group. On the other hand, treatment with GA led to a significant elevation in GSH, GPx, SOD, CAT, and a significant decrease in protein carbonyl, AST, ALP, ALT, total bilirubin, MDA, serum IL-1β, and gene expression of IL-1β in comparison with the second group. Histological changes were also ameliorated by GA oral administration. Discussion and Conclusions: The data show that the oral administration of GA could alleviate the noxious effects of DIC on the antioxidant defense system and liver tissue

Gallic Acid Exerts Nephroprotective, Anti-Oxidative Stress, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects Against Diclofenac-Induced Renal Injury in Malerats

Background/aim: Diclofenac (DIC) is a Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and consumption of this drug creates side effects such as renal injury. The purpose of this work was to assess the influences of gallic acid (GA) on DIC-induced renal injury in rats. Material and methods: Rats were segregated into five groups. Group 1, control group; Group 2 received DIC-only (50 mg/kg bw, i.p.) for 7 consecutive days; Groups 3, received GA-only (100 mg/kg bw, po) for 7 consecutive days; group 4 received DIC (50 mg/kg bw, i.p.) plus GA (50 mg/kg, po) for 7 consecutive days and group 5 received DIC (50 mg/kg bw, i.p.) plus GA (100 mg/kg, po) for 7 consecutive days. Results: The data indicated that the levels of the serum protein carbonyl, sGOT, sGPT, urea, creatinine, uric acid, nitrite content, MDA, serum IL-1β, and the renal IL-1β gene expression were remarkably increased in DIC-only treated animals compared to control group. In the other hand, treatment with gallic acid led to significant improvements in abnormalities of DIC-induced oxidative stress and serum biochemical parameters. Histological changes were also ameliorated by GA oral administration. Conclusion: The results indicated that oral injection of GA could alleviate the noxious effects of DIC on the antioxidant defense system and renal tissue. Keywords: Diclofenac; Gallic acid; IL-1β; Oxidative stress; Renal injury

Investigating effect of Amino Acids Leucine, Valine and Alanine on Alkaline Phosphatase Activity of purified Acetone fractions of Sweet Lemon, Garlic and Onion

Alkaline phosphatase enzyme (ALP, ALKP, ALPase, Alk Phos) (EC 3.1.3.1) produced by plants and microbes is presumed to convert organic phosphorus into available pi, which is absorbed by plants. Considering the importance of Alkaline phosphate enzyme and the balance between its function in the development of various diseases by increasing and decreasing the enzyme level by enzyme activating and regulating compounds, including amino acids and ions, which act as coenzyme and cofactor for the enzyme Can be a major role in Disease improvement. This study aims to comparatively investigate the inhibiting effect of the three Amino Acid as well as Alanine, Leucine and valine on Alkaline phosphatase was which extracted from Sweet Lemon (Citrus Limon (L.) Osbeck), Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and Onion (Allium cepa L.). In this study, Leucine, Alanine and Valine amino acids showed strong inhibitory effects 23%, 26% and 34% respectively activity of Alkaline phosphatase obtained saline extract of plants Sweet Lemon, Garlic and Onion