Effect of age and body mass index on performance quality of motor skills among children with 3-5 years-old

Background and aims: The aim of the current research was to investigate the effect of age and body mass index on performance quality of motor skills among children with 3-5 years-old in Tehran. Methods: A total of 400 children between the ages of 3-5 years-old were selected through multi-stage cluster random sampling from Tehran city. Motor skills were assessed with using the OSU-SIGMA qualitative scale. Height without shoes in standing position and weight using digital scales and Body mass index was calculated by dividing the weight by height squared. Results: The results indicated that the age variable had a significant effect on performance quality of walking, running, stair climbing, catching and throwing skills, but BMI had not a significant effect. Also, age and BMI variables had significant effects on performance quality of jumping, running hoping, licking, kicking by hand, kicking by foot and climbing of ladder skills (P<0.05). In both ages, boys in all skills displayed better performance than girls (exept for skipping and hopping skills) (P<0.05). Moreover, both overweight and obese children had lower performance than normal children. Conclusion: Based on the results of present study, the necessity for existence of educational programs in the field of physical activities and the prevalence of obesity and overweight in children is suggested

Risk Factor Profiles of Adverse Neuromotor Outcome in Infants

ObjectiveAssessment of risk predictors for adverse neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 year of age in term and near-term infants.Material &amp; MethodsThis case-control study was a representative sample of infants from different health-care centers of north and east of Tehran. The association betweenrisk factors and delayed motor development (developmental quotient below 70 indicating a significant delay) was analyzed using correlating risk factors;including the perinatal and neonatal data to the developmental status. The case group consisted of 143 infants whose DQ score was less than 70 and thecontrol group consisted of 140 infants who had a DQ score of more than 70.ResultsNeonatal seizures, Apgar score less than 3 after 5 minutes of birth (OR = 2.87 [95% CI; 1.68, 4.92]), low birth weight (OR = 5.86 [95% CI; 3.07, 11.18]), preterm delivery (OR =6.17 [95% CI; 3.04, 12.52]), Premature rupture of membranes (PROM)&gt;24 hours (OR = 6.18[95% CI; 2.07, 18.51]) and hyperbilirubinemia leading to phototherapy or exchange transfusion (OR =3.75 [95% CI; 2.12, 6.65]) were associated with an increased risk for neuromotor delay on developmental examination at 1 year.ConclusionThis study identified distinct risk factors for an adverse outcome in infants. In this environment, perinatal risk predictors are most important

Walking Ability, Participation, and Quality of Life in Children with Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy: A Path Analysis Study

&nbsp; Objectives This study aims to design a conceptual model for the effect of various factors on walking ability, participation, and quality of life in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (SDCP) and test it based on field data using path analysis. Materials &amp; Methods This cross-sectional study was performed on 181 children with SDCP. The following were used to measure each of the variables: the Modified Ashworth Scale, the Micro Manual Muscle Tester, the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), the Boyd and Graham test, the goniometer, weight and height, the Gross Motor Function Classification System, the Life Habits Questionnaire, and cerebral palsy Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children. The structural model was tested in Amos 17. Results All paths of the proposed model were significant (P &lt;0.05). Among evaluated variables, muscle strength (B = -0.466), balance (B = 0.326), and spasticity (B = 0.143) affected walking ability. Moreover, as an intermediate factor, walking ability affected the subjects’ participation (B = -0.819) and quality of life (B = -0.183). Conclusion Muscle strength, balance, and spasticity are the most influential factors in the walking ability of children with SDCP. Furthermore, walking ability and participation are two critical factors in promoting the quality of life of these children

The effect of the timing of umbilical cord clamping on hemoglobin levels, neonatal outcomes and developmental status in infants at 4 months old

Objective:Delayed umbilical cord clamping (DCC) increases blood transfer to newborns. Hence we investigated the effect of the timing of DCC on hemoglobin levels, neonatal outcomes and developmental status in infants at four months old.Materials &amp; Methods:This clinical trial examined infants born to 400 pregnant women immediately upon birth and at the age of four months. The newborns were randomly assigned to either the intervention group with a 90-120-second delay in umbilical cord clamping or the control group with a clamping delay of below 60 seconds, and blood samples were taken from their umbilical cords. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire was used to evaluate the infants’ developmental status.Results:Umbilical cord hemoglobin was found to be significantly higher in the intervention group compared to in the controls (P=0/024). No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of neonatal complications except neonatal jaundice was significantly more common in the intervention group (P=0/025), although the need for phototherapy was not different between the groups. Overall, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of developmental status at four months old; however, the infants had better problem-solving skills in the delayed umbilical cord clamping group (P=0/015).Conclusion:The results obtained show that, despite elevating hemoglobin, delayed umbilical cord clamping but has no effects on infant development except in terms of problem-solving skills. Further studies are recommended on the effects of delayed umbilical cord clamping on infant development

The development of an interventional package on "receptive vocabulary” for cochlear implanted children

Objectives:Due to the shortage of language intervention protocols which specifically concentrate on language acquisition in cochlear implanted children and considering the importance of timely language intervention programs in this group of children, the aim of the present study was to develop an interventional package on “receptive vocabulary” based on the process of vocabulary development in normal children.  Materials and Methods:By reviewing the literature related to language acquisition theories in normal and language disordered children, as well as literature on production of intervention protocols, especially those for language impaired children, and also considering the normal process of language and speech development in normal children, the first draft of the intervention protocol was prepared. Then, with the collaboration of 10 expert pediatricians, speech and language pathologists and linguistic experts as members of a Delphi team, the face and content validity of the intervention protocol was assessed through three Delphi rounds and finally approved.Results:A step by step language intervention protocol entitled “An educational package on receptive vocabulary development of 12-48 months old Persian speaking cochlear implanted children “was developed based on developmental, cognitive and behavioral models and the normal process of language and speech development in children.Conclusion: The interventional package produced is believed to facilitate language acquisition in cochlear implanted children, according to expert qualitative assessment and approval. However, experimental research is required for verification of this assumption

Relationship of Mothers’ Psychological Status with Development of Kindergarten Children

How to Cite This Article: Firoozeh Sajedi F, Ahmadi Doulabi M, Vameghi R, Mazaheri MA, Akbarzadeh Baghban AR. Relationship of Mothers’ Psychological Status with Development of Kindergarten Children. Iran J Child Neurol. Summer 2016; 10(3):61-72. AbstractObjectiveGiven the importance of children’s development and the role of psychological status of mothers in this regard, this study investigated the relationship of mothers’ psychological status (stress, anxiety and depression) with the development of children aged 36-60 months.Materials &amp; MethodsThis descriptive study was performed on 1036 mothers and their children, aged 36 to 60 months, in different kindergartens in Tehran City, Iran, in 2014-2015.Participants were selected through multi-stage random sampling. The following instruments were used in this study: A demographic and obstetric specification questionnaire, children specification questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, Spiel Berger Test, Perceived stress questionnaire and the Ages and Stages Questionnaire to determine the status of the children’s development.Data were analyzed using SPSS20 software, Mann-Whitney; independent t-test and logistic-Regression model were used.ResultsThe prevalence of developmental delay in children aged 36-60 months was 16.2%. The independent t-test showed a relationship between maternal stress and developmental delay in children. The Mann-Whitney test revealed a significant relation between mothers’ depression level and developmental delay in their children. There was a significant relation between trait anxiety and developmental delay in children. Moreover, a significant relation was found between maternal stress and developmental delay in fine motor skills.The logistic regression model showed a significant relationship of child gender, economic and social states with developmental delay.ConclusionThis study showed mothers’ psychological status probably is an effective factor in developmental delay. The assessment of mothers’ psychological status is suggested for early interventions. ReferencesIrwin LG, Siddiqi A, Hertzman C. Early child development: a powerful equalizer. Final report to the WHO Commission on social determinants of health, Geneva. 2007.Guralnick MJ. Early Intervention for Children with Intellectual Disabilities: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 2005;18(4):313-24.Marmot M, Friel S, Bell R, Houweling TA, Taylor S. Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. 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Socioeconomic Status Index to Interpret Inequalities in Child Development

How to Cite This Article: Ahmadi Doulabi M, Sajedi F, Vameghi R, Mazaheri MA, Akbarzadeh Baghban AR. Socioeconomic Status Index to Interpret Inequalities in Child Development. Iran J Child Neurol. Spring 2017; 11(2):13-25.AbstractObjectiveThere have been contradictory findings on the relationship between Socioeconomic Status (SES) and child development although SES is associated with child development outcomes. The present study intended to define the relationship between SES and child development in Tehran kindergartens, Iran.Materials &amp; Methods This cross-sectional survey studied 1036 children aged 36-60 month, in different kindergartens in Tehran City, Iran, in 2014-2015.The principal factor analysis (PFA) model was employed to construct SES indices. The constructed SES variable was employed as an independent variable in logistic regression model to evaluate its role in developmental delay as a dependent variable.Results The relationship between SES and developmental delay was significant at P=0.003. SES proved to have a significant (P&lt;0.05) impact on developmental delay, both as an independent variable and after controlling risk factors.Conclusion There should be more emphasis on developmental monitoring and appropriate intervention programs for children to give them higher chance of having a more productive life.  1. Haghdoost AA. Complexity of the Socioeconomic Status and its Disparity as a Determinant of Health. Int J Prev 2012; 3(2):75. 2. Behavioral and social sciences research. Measuring Socioeconomic Status. e-Source 2013; Available from:http://www.esourceresearch.org 3. Bradley RH, Corwyn RF. Socioeconomic status and child development. 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Path Analysis Association between Domestic Violence, Anxiety, Depression and Perceived Stress in Mothers and Children’s Development

How to Cite This Article: Vameghi R, Amir Ali Akbari S, Sajedi F, sajjadi H, Alavi Majd H. Path Analysis Association between Domestic Violence, Anxiety, Depression and Perceived Stress in Mothers and Children’s Development. Iran J Child Neurol. Autumn 2016; 10(4):36-48.AbstractObjectiveGiven that several factors involved in the incidence or exacerbation of developmental disorders in children, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between some of the risk factors affecting mothers’ health and development in children using path analysis. Materials &amp; MethodsThe present cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 750 mothers and their children in health centers in Tehran, Iran in 2014 enrolled through multi-stage random sampling. Data were collected using a demographic and personal information questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Scale, Beck’s depression Inventory, Spielberger’ anxiety inventory, the WHO domestic violence questionnaire and an ages &amp; stages questionnaire for assessing children’s development. Data were analyzed using SPSS.19 (Chicago, IL, USA) and Lisrel 8.8. ResultsDevelopmental delay was observed in 12.1% of the children. The mean stress score was 23.94±8.62 in the mothers, 50.7% of whom showed mild to severe depression, 84.2% moderate to severe anxiety and 35.3% had been subjected to domestic violence. The path analysis showed that children’s development was affected directly by perceived stress (β=-0.09) and depression (β=-0.17) and indirectly by domestic violence (β=-0.05278) and anxiety (β=-0.0357). Of all the variables examined, depression had the biggest influence on development in the children (β=-0.17). The proposed model showed a good fit (GFI=1, RMSEA=0.034). ConclusionChildren’s development was influenced indirectly by domestic violence and anxiety and directly by perceived stress and depression in mothers. It is thus suggested that more concern and attention be paid to women’s mental health and the domestic violence they experience. References1. R. de Moura D, Costa JC, Santos IS, D. Barros AJ, Matijasevich A, Halpern R, and et al. Risk factors for suspected developmental delay at age 2 years in a Brazilian birth cohort. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2010; 24(3): 211–221.2. Karimzadeh P, Kuimarsi A, Yousefi M. A Survey of Pediatrics Resident Knowledge of Growth &amp; Development. Iran J Child Neurol 2011; 5(2):11-16.3. Baker R. Pediatric Primary Care Well-Child Care. USA. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Publish. 2001.4. Sachdeva S, Amir A, Alam S, Khan Z, Khalique N, Ansari MA. Global developmental delay and its determinants among urban infants and toddlers: a cross sectional study. 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The Effect of Soft and Rigid Cervical Collars on Head and Neck Immobilization in Healthy Subjects

Study DesignWhiplash injury is a prevalent and often destructive injury of the cervical column, which can lead to serious neck pain. Many approaches have been suggested for the treatment of whiplash injury, including anti-inflammatory drugs, manipulation, supervised exercise, and cervical collars. Cervical collars are generally divided into two groups: soft and rigid collars.PurposeThe present study aimed to compare the effect of soft and rigid cervical collars on immobilizing head and neck motion.Overview of LiteratureMany studies have investigated the effect of collars on neck motion. Rigid collars have been shown to provide more immobilization in the sagittal and transverse planes compared with soft collars. However, according to some studies, soft and rigid collars provide the same range of motion in the frontal plane.MethodsTwenty-nine healthy subjects aged 18–26 participated in this study. Data were collected using a three-dimensional motion analysis system and six infrared cameras. Eight markers, weighing 4.4 g and thickened 2 cm2 were used to record kinematic data. According to the normality of the data, a paired t-test was used for statistical analyses. The level of significance was set at α=0.01.ResultsAll motion significantly decreased when subjects used soft collars (p<0.01). According to the obtained data, flexion and lateral rotation experienced the maximum (39%) and minimum (11%) immobilization in all six motions using soft collars. Rigid collars caused maximum immobilization in flexion (59%) and minimum immobilization in the lateral rotation (18%) and limited all motion much more than the soft collar.ConclusionsThis study showed that different cervical collars have different effects on neck motion. Rigid and soft cervical collars used in the present study limited the neck motion in both directions. Rigid collars contributed to significantly more immobilization in all directions

A Comparison of the Viewpoints of Clinical Educators and Students of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences toward Clinical Training Status of Rehabilitation Disciplines in 2013-14

Background & Objective: Clinical education courses are recognized as the heart of professional education because more than 50% of students’ time is spent in clinical environments. Therefore, qualifying in clinical skills requires an effective clinical learning environment. Thus, clinical education can be enriched through the consideration of clinical educators’ and students’ perspectives . The aim of this study was to compare the viewpoints of clinical educators and students of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran, toward the clinical education status of rehabilitation disciplines. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. Based on the inclusion criteria and using convenience sampling method, 54 clinical educators and 178 students were chosen from among clinical educators and students of orthopedics, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy disciplines. The participants completed valid and reliable clinical education questionnaires in the field of rehabilitation. Results: A statistical difference was observed between clinical educators’ and students’ viewpoints in the area of “clinical learners”. With regard to the academic degrees of clinical educators, there was a statistically significant difference in the “evaluation area”. With regard to the gender of clinical educators, differences were observed in the area of “clinical learners”. According to students’ academic disciplines, with the exception of the field of “management”, statistical differences were observed in other areas. Conclusion: Clinical education courses in Rehabilitation Sciences must provide an effective clinical learning setting. Moreover, reviewing of management and evaluation of clinical education through appropriate evaluation criteria in order to improve the clinical education status is necessary. Key Words: Rehabilitation, Clinical education, Clinical instructor, Studen