Efeito in vitro da clomipramina e da sertralina sobre a atividade das ecto-nucleotidases em sinaptossomas de hipocampo e córtex cerebral de ratos

24

Microcystin-LR acute exposure increases AChE activity via transcriptional ache activation in zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain

AbstractMicrocystins (MCs) constitute a family of cyanobacterial toxins, with more than 80 variants. These toxins are able to induce hepatotoxicity in several organisms mainly through the inhibition of protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A and oxidative stress generation. Since recent evidence shows that MCs can either accumulate in brain or alter behavior patterns of fish species, in this study we tested the in vitro and in vivo effects of MC-LR at different concentrations on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in zebrafish brain. In vivo studies showed that 100μg/L MC-LR led to a significant increase in the AChE activity (27%) when zebrafish were exposed to the toxin dissolved in water, but did not cause any significant changes when injected intraperitoneally. In addition, semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that 100μg/L MC-LR exposure also increased ache mRNA levels in zebrafish brain. The in vitro assays did not reveal any significant changes in AChE activity. These findings provide the first evidence that brain AChE is another potential target for MCs and suggest that the observed increases in AChE enzymatic activity and in ache transcript levels after MC-LR exposure depend, at least partially, on branchial uptake or ingestion

Seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole in the adult zebrafish : a detailed behavioral characterization

Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) is a common convulsant agent used in animal models to investigate the mechanisms of seizures. Although adult zebrafish have been recently used to study epileptic seizures, a thorough characterization of the PTZinduced seizures in this animal model is missing. The goal of this study was to perform a detailed temporal behavior profile characterization of PTZ-induced seizure in adult zebrafish. The behavioral profile during 20 min of PTZ immersion (5, 7.5, 10, and 15 mM) was characterized by stages defined as scores: (0) short swim, (1) increased swimming activity and high frequency of opercular movement, (2) erratic movements, (3) circular movements, (4) clonic seizure-like behavior, (5) fall to the bottom of the tank and tonic seizure-like behavior, (6) death. Animals exposed to distinct PTZ concentrations presented different seizure profiles, intensities and latencies to reach all scores. Only animals immersed into 15 mM PTZ showed an increased time to return to the normal behavior (score 0), after exposure. Total mortality rate at 10 and 15 mM were 33% and 50%, respectively. Considering all behavioral parameters, 5, 7.5, 10, and 15 mM PTZ, induced seizures with low, intermediate, and high severity, respectively. Pretreatment with diazepam (DZP) significantly attenuated seizure severity. Finally, the brain PTZ levels in adult zebrafish immersed into the chemoconvulsant solution at 5 and 10 mM were comparable to those described for the rodent model, with a peak after a 20-min of exposure. The PTZ brain levels observed after 2.5-min PTZ exposure and after 60-min removal from exposure were similar. Altogether, our results showed a detailed temporal behavioral characterization of a PTZ epileptic seizure model in adult zebrafish. These behavioral analyses and the simple method for PTZ quantification could be considered as important tools for future investigations and translational research

Brain zinc chelation by diethyldithiocarbamate increased the behavioral and mitochondrial damages in zebrafish subjected to hypoxia

The increase in brain levels of chelatable zinc (Zn) in dysfunctions involving oxygen deprivation has stimulated the treatment with Zn chelators, such as diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC). However, DEDTC is a redox-active compound and it should be better evaluated during hypoxia. We use the hypoxia model in zebrafish to evaluate DEDTC effects. The exploratory behavior, chelatable Zn content, activities of mitochondrial dehydrogenases, reactive species levels (nitric oxide, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical scavenger capacity) and cellular antioxidants (sulfhydryl, superoxide dismutase) of zebrafish brain were assessed after recovery, with or without 0.2mM DEDTC. The increased brain levels of chelatable Zn induced by hypoxia were mitigated by DEDTC. However, the novel tank task indicated that DEDTC did further enhance the exploratory deficit caused by hypoxia. Furthermore, these behavioral impairments caused by DEDTC were more associated with a negative action on mitochondrial activity and brain oxidative balance. Thus, due to apparent pro-oxidant action of DEDTC, our data do not support its use for neuroprotection in neuropathologies involving oxygen deprivation

Avaliação de parâmetros bioquímicos e comportamentais em peixe-zebra (Danio rerio) : uma abordagem sobre o sistema purinérgico, colinérgico e efeitos promovidos pela taurina no modelo de exposição aguda ao etanol

O peixe-zebra (Danio rerio) é um pequeno teleósteo pertencente à família Cyprinidae, o qual vem sendo estudado em diferentes áreas científicas. Essa espécie apresenta genes evolutivamente conservados, diversos sistemas de neurotransmissão já caracterizados e um amplo repertório comportamental , os quais podem ser modulados por diversas drogas. Portanto, a presente tese tem por objetivo estudar parâmetros bioquímicos em peixe-zebra com ênfase nos sistemas de sinalização purinérgico e colinérgico, bem como avaliar o comportamento de animais submetidos à tarefa do open tank e investigar os efeitos promovidos pelo tratamento com taurina no modelo de exposição aguda ao etanol. Nós demonstramos que o tratamento agudo (1h) com taurina nas concentrações de 150 e 400 mg/L aumentou a hidrólise de AMP e levou a uma diminuição significativa na desaminação de adenosina em membranas cerebrais, sendo que o último efeito também foi observado nos ensaios in vitro. Entretanto, não foram observados efeitos sobre a hidrólise dos nucleotídeos tri e difosfatados, promovida pelas NTPDases. Estudos relacionados à hidrólise dos nucleotídeos ATP e ADP em cérebro, fígado e coração de peixe-zebra demonstraram um perfil diferencial nos respectivos tecidos. O efeito distinto promovido por inibidores apontou que diferentes membros das NTPDases poderiam estar contribuindo para a atividade enzimática detectada, o que foi sugerido por estudos de bioinformática e ensaios de expressão gênica. Além disso, verificamos que, no modelo de exposição aguda ao etanol, a taurina foi capaz de prevenir as alterações promovidas pelo álcool sobre a atividade da AChE e das defesas antioxidantes enzimáticas. Contudo, o pré-tratamento com taurina demonstrou ser mais efetivo na prevenção do estresse oxidativo, visto que, diferentemente do co-tratamento, aumentou o conteúdo total de tióis reduzidos cerebral e diminuiu o dano lipídico. A fim de caracterizar o repertório comportamental espaço-temporal dos animais no teste do open tank, nós elaboramos um protocolo que avaliava o efeito do confinamento prévio a estímulos naturalísticos (ambientes claro, escuro e transparente). Os resultados demonstraram que os peixes previamente confinados em um ambiente naturalmente aversivo (claro) apresentaram uma habituação intrasessão mais rápida em comparação aos grupos escuro e transparente, avaliada pelas transições e tempo de permanência na região superior do aparato. O perfil exploratório espaço-temporal foi analisado através de plots representativos, sendo proposto um etograma descritivo para a tarefa do open tank. A partir do repertório comportamental determinado, o efeito promovido pelo pré-tratamento com taurina nas alterações comportamentais induzidas pelo etanol foi investigado. Nossos achados demonstraram que o etanol diminuiu a atividade locomotora dos animais, sendo que as concentrações de taurina testadas (42, 150 e 400 mg/L) preveniram essa modificação. Contudo, o pré-tratamento com 150 mg/L de taurina não preveniu as alterações na exploração da área superior do aparato, sugerindo que diferentes mecanismos poderiam estar envolvidos na resposta comportamental observada. Em suma, nossos resultados possibilitam uma maior compreensão das respostas neuroquímicas e comportamentais em peixe-zebra, contribuindo para novas estratégias relacionadas a estudos translacionais.The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a small teleost fish that belongs to the Cyprinidae family, which has been studied in different scientific areas. This species has evolutively conserved genes, several neurotransmitter systems characterized, and a wide behavioral repertoire, which may be modulated by distinct drugs. Thus, this thesis aims to study biochemical parameters in zebrafish, emphasizing the purinergic and cholinergic signaling, as well as to evaluate the behavior of animals in the open tank task and to investigate the effects of taurine treatment in the acute ethanol exposure model. We showed that acute taurine treatment (1h) at 150 and 400 mg/L increased the AMP hydrolysis and significantly decreased the adenosine deamination in brain membranes. The latter effect was also observed in the enzyme assays performed in vitro. However, the tri and diphosphonucleoside hydrolysis promoted by NTPDases was unaffected by taurine. Studies related to ATP and ADP hydrolysis in zebrafish brain, liver, and heart demonstrated a differential profile in the respective tissues. The distinct effect promoted by inhibitors pointed that different NTPDase members could play a role in the enzyme activity detected, as suggested by bioinformatic analysis and gene expression assays. Moreover, we observed that, in the acute ethanol exposure model, taurine prevents the alterations induced by ethanol in AChE and in enzymatic antioxidant defenses activities. However, taurine pretreatment has shown to be more effective in the prevention of oxidative stress, considering that, differently from the cotreatment, it increased the total reduced thiol content and decreased lipid peroxidation in zebrafish brain. To characterize the spatio-temporal behavioral repertoire of animals subjected to the open tank task, we described a protocol which evaluated the effect promoted by the previous confinement using natural stimuli (bright, dark, and transparent environments). The results showed that fish previously confined into an aversive environment (brightly one) presented a faster intra-session habituation response when compared to dark and transparent groups, evaluated by transitions and time spent in the top area of the tank. The spatio-temporal exploratory profile was assessed by representative plots with the proposal of a descriptive ethogram to the behavioral task. Considering these behaviors, the effect promoted by taurine pretreatment on the behavioral changes induced by ethanol was investigated. Our findings demonstrated that ethanol significantly decreased the locomotor activity and that the taurine concentrations tested (42, 150, and 400 mg/L) prevented this modification. Nevertheless, the pretreatment with 150 mg/L taurine did not prevent the alterations on the exploratory profile for the top area of apparatus, suggesting that different mechanisms could be involved in the behavioral response observed. In conclusion, our data help to a better understanding of the neurochemical and behavioral responses in zebrafish, contributing for new strategies related to translational studies

Mapeamento do padrão de expressão tecidual dos genes relacionados à adenosina deaminase e caracterização cinética da atividade de desaminação da adenosina em cérebro de zebrafish (Danio rerio)

O zebrafish é um modelo experimental consolidado em diversas áreas, tais como genética e neurociências. Estudos têm demonstrado que muitos genes deste peixe são evolutivamente conservados e similares aos de mamíferos, incluindo a espécie humana. Com relação ao sistema purinérgico, já foi demonstrado que o zebrafish apresenta diferentes membros da família das NTPDases (nucleosídeo trifosfato difosfoidrolases) e uma ecto-5’-nucleotidase, capazes de clivar o ATP até adenosina, que atua através de purinoreceptores P1. A adenosina deaminase (ADA) é responsável pela clivagem da adenosina à inosina. Dois membros da família da ADA, conhecidos como ADA1 e ADA2, foram descritos e evidências recentes demonstraram a existência de um outro grupo similar de proteína, denominado ADAL (adenosina deaminase “like”). Portanto, no primeiro capítulo desta Dissertação, foram identificados distintos genes relacionados à ADA (ADA1, ADAL e dois genes ortólogos da ADA2) através de uma análise filogenética. Primers específicos para cada membro da ADA foram desenhados, experimentos otimizados de RT-PCR foram conduzidos e a quantidade relativa de transcritos determinada em diversos tecidos. Os resultados demonstraram que os genes da ADA1, ADAL, ADA2-1 e ADA2-2 podem ser diferentemente expressos nos tecidos de zebrafish. Além disso, a estratégia adotada também permitiu a identificação de uma isoforma truncada de ADA2-1 de splicing alternativo (ADA2-1/T), a qual foi expressa em diferentes intensidades nos tecidos analisados. Considerando que distintos membros da adenosina deaminase foram identificados, o segundo capítulo teve por objetivo caracterizar a atividade de desaminação de adenosina em frações solúvel e de membrana do cérebro de zebrafish. A atividade enzimática foi determinada pelo ensaio colorimétrico da amônia liberada. Foi verificado que em ambas as frações celulares estudadas a atividade de desaminação da adenosina foi linear quando utilizada uma concentração final de substrato de 1,5 mM. A curva de proteína, após incubação a 37ºC por 75 min (pH 7,0) e 120 min (pH 5,0) para as frações solúvel e de membrana, respectivamente, foi linear quando utilizada uma quantidade de proteína na faixa de 5–20 μg. A adição de 5 mM de Zn2+ promoveu uma queda significativa na desaminação de adenosina em membranas, a qual foi prevenida com 5 mM de EDTA. Utilizando adenosina como substrato, o KM aparente para ambas as frações celulares foi de aproximadamente 0,2 mM, enquanto que o Vmax foi de 12,3 + 0,73 e 17,5 + 0,51 (média + EP) nmol NH3.min-1.mg-1 de proteína para as frações solúvel e de membrana, respectivamente. Os resultados também demonstraram uma preferência para a desaminação de nucleosídeos da adenina em relação aos da guanina. Além disso, a incubação com 0,1 mM de EHNA (hidrocloreto de eritro-9-(2-hidróxi-3-nonil) adenina), um inibidor clássico da ADA1, promoveu uma inibição significativa da atividade enzimática em ambas as frações celulares. Estes achados sugerem que a existência de diferentes genes associados à ADA, bem como seus distintos padrões de expressão podem contribuir para a atividade de desaminação de adenosina em zebrafish.Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a consolidated experimental model in several areas, such as genetics and neuroscience. Studies have shown that many genes of this fish are evolutionary conserved and that share similarities to mammals genes, including humans. In relation to the purinergic system, it was demonstrated that zebrafish presents distinct members of the NTPDase (nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase) family and an ecto- 5'-nucleotidase, able to cleave ATP to adenosine, which acts via P1 purinoreceptors. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is responsible for cleaving the adenosine to inosine. Two members of ADA family, known as ADA1 and ADA2, were described and recent evidence demonstrated the existence of another similar protein group named ADAL (adenosine deaminase “like”). Therefore, in the first chapter of this Dissertation, distinct ADA-related genes were identified (ADA1, ADAL e two ADA2 orthologous genes) by a phylogenetic analysis. Specific primers for each ADA members were designed, optimized semi-quantitative RT-PCR experiments were conducted and the relative amount of transcripts was determined in several tissues. The results demonstrated that ADA1, ADAL, ADA2-1 e ADA2-2 genes may be expressed differently in zebrafish tissues. In addition, the strategy adopted also allowed the identification of a truncated alternative splice isoform of ADA2-1, which was expressed in the analyzed tissues with different intensities. Considering that distinct adenosine deaminase members were identified, the objective of the second chapter was to characterize the adenosine deaminase activity in soluble and membrane fractions of zebrafish brain. The enzyme activity was measured by the colorimetric assay from the ammonia released. It was verified that in both cellular fractions, the adenosine deaminase activity was linear when it was used a final substrate concentration of 1.5 mM. The protein curve was linear using an amount of 5–20 μg of protein in the incubation at 37ºC for 75 min (pH 7.0) and 120 min (pH 5.0) for soluble and membrane fractions, respectively. The addition of 5 mM Zn2+ promoted a significant decrease on adenosine deamination in membranes, which was prevented by 5 mM EDTA. Using adenosine as substrate, the apparent KM for both cellular fractions was around of 0.2 mM, whereas the calculated Vmax were 12.3 + 0.73 and 17.5 + 0.51 (mean + SEM) nmol NH3.min-1.mg-1 of protein for the soluble and membrane fractions, respectively. The results also demonstrated a preference for the deamination of adenine nucleosides in relation to guanine derivates. In addition, the incubation with 0.1 mM EHNA (erythro-9-(2- hydroxy-3-nonyl)-adenine, a classical inhibitor of ADA1, promoted a significant inhibition on the enzyme activity in both cellular fractions. These findings suggest that the existence of different ADA-related genes and their distinct expression patterns may contribute for the adenosine deamination activity in zebrafish

PROMOÇÃO DO CARÁTER INVESTIGATIVO EM DISCENTES DA ÁREA DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS

6