Tests and analysis of a vented D thrust deflecting nozzle on a turbofan engine

The objectives were to: obtain nozzle performance characteristics in and out of ground effects; demonstrate the compatibility of the nozzle with a turbofan engine; obtain pressure and temperature distributions on the surface of the D vented nozzle; and establish a correlation of the nozzle performance between small scale and large scale models. The test nozzle was a boilerplate model of the MCAIR D vented nozzle configured for operation with a General Electric YTF-34-F5 turbofan engine. The nozzle was configured to provide: a thrust vectoring range of 0 to 115 deg; a yaw vectoring range of 0 to 10 deg; variable nozzle area control; and variable spacing between the core exit and nozzle entrance station. Compatibility between the YTF-34-T5 turbofan engine and the D vented nozzle was demonstrated. Velocity coefficients of 0.96 and greater were obtained for 90 deg of thrust vectoring. The nozzle walls remained cool during all test conditions

Chloride fertilizer and soil pH effects on nitrification rate and soil solution constituents

Chloride containing fertilizers are used to reduce the severity of take-all root rot of wheat in western Oregon and appear to reduce nitrification in moderately acid soils. Objectives of this study were to determine if nitrification is inhibited by the Cl ion, increasing soil solution ionic strength, or changes in pH. Soil incubation experiments were designed to measure inhibition of nitrification by Cl in soils having a pH gradient, a soil solution ionic strength gradient, or being of a different soil series. In addition to comparing nitrification rates resulting from salt amendments, soil solutions were recovered in order to evaluate differences in soil solution constituents resulting from the added salt type, amount, and background soil pH. Overall nitrification was inhibited by Cl salts compared to SO₄ salts at equal soil solution ionic strength. Cl inhibition of nitrification disappeared as soil pH approached neutral. Nitrification rate increased as pH increased. Cl salt additions resulted in higher soil solution ionic strength than SO₄ additions. Soil solution constituents changed as salt additions increased, with higher concentrations of cations in solution when higher rates of salt were added. Levels of Ca and SO₄ were high enough to suspect CaSO₄ precipitation in samples where high rates of K2SO₄ were added

Blunted angiogenesis and hypertrophy are associated with increased fatigue resistance and unchanged aerobic capacity in old overloaded mouse muscle.

We hypothesize that the attenuated hypertrophic response in old mouse muscle is (1) partly due to a reduced capillarization and angiogenesis, which is (2) accompanied by a reduced oxidative capacity and fatigue resistance in old control and overloaded muscles, that (3) can be rescued by the antioxidant resveratrol. To investigate this, the hypertrophic response, capillarization, oxidative capacity, and fatigue resistance of m. plantaris were compared in 9- and 25-month-old non-treated and 25-month-old resveratrol-treated mice. Overload increased the local capillary-to-fiber ratio less in old (15 %) than in adult (59 %) muscle (P < 0.05). Although muscles of old mice had a higher succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity (P < 0.05) and a slower fiber type profile (P < 0.05), the isometric fatigue resistance was similar in 9- and 25-month-old mice. In both age groups, the fatigue resistance was increased to the same extent after overload (P < 0.01), without a significant change in SDH activity, but an increased capillary density (P < 0.05). Attenuated angiogenesis during overload may contribute to the attenuated hypertrophic response in old age. Neither was rescued by resveratrol supplementation. Changes in fatigue resistance with overload and aging were dissociated from changes in SDH activity, but paralleled those in capillarization. This suggests that capillarization plays a more important role in fatigue resistance than oxidative capacity

Evaluation of inorganic arsenic exposure at multi metal processing facility. When air monitoring alone just doesn\u27t work!

Metals smelting and processing has been associated with exposure to airborne inorganic arsenic and an increased risk of health effects. Biological monitoring on a metals processing site identified urinary arsenic concentrations exceeding corporate and ACGIH guidelines at levels associated with increased risks of health effects. Plant operators considered the inhalation of arsenic trioxide powder (As2O3), used in the process, as the source of their exposure. This study\u27s initial objective was to determine operator exposures to airborne inorganic arsenic. Two groups of plant operators participated in full shift personal air monitoring and biological monitoring over their working weeks. In parallel, wipe samples were taken from control rooms and grab sampling for arsine was carried out to capture a wider range of potential exposure routes. Air monitoring results did not approach exposure standards, with many below the limit of detection. In contrast, biological monitoring results exceeded corporate and the ACGIH guidelines indicating exposure via routes other than inhalation. This demonstrates that relying on air monitoring alone for exposure assessment is inadequate. The findings informed management and workers of practical measures required to adequately control process emissions, secondary exposure due to contaminated surfaces, and poor personal hygiene, prior to the closure of the plant and cessation of all associated processes in early 2015. Assessment of occupational exposure to substances with multiple exposure routes should not rely on air monitoring alone; but integrate other evaluative techniques such as biological monitoring (where available) to ensure exposure risk via all routes is adequately evaluated