Dental fluorosis: a review

Ingesting fluoride for prolonged periods or in doses higher than those recommended during enamel formation produces changes from the appearance of very thin white lines to serious structural defects, resulting in a pathological entity known as dental fluorosis. The severity of the changes depends on the amount of fluoride ingested; it is a disease that has an epidemiological behavior with endemic characteristics. The indicated management for TF1 and TF2 lesions is dental whitening or infiltrating resin; for TF3 and TF4 micro abrasion and/or whitening and in TF5 combined technique with macro, micro abrasion and dental whitening. It is essential that public health actions be prioritized to mitigate potential complications due to fluorosis, especially in areas identified as endemic

Dental crowding: a review

Dental crowding is a frequent characteristic of dental malocclusion and is the reduction in the perimeter of the arch that can manifest as space closure, rotation and/or movement of the teeth. The temporary dentition is important as it guides the eruption of the permanent teeth, thus establishing the ideal occlusion; the lack of spaces can cause disproportionate sizes between the jaws and the permanent teeth. Treatment options include the orthopedic phase and orthodontic phase in which the extraction of teeth may or may not be necessary. Timely treatment with personalized planning helps us achieve correct dental occlusion, which is essential for good chewing and correct passage of the bolus, in addition to playing an important role for phonation and the aesthetic results for the patient.

Complications and treatment of dens in dente: case report

Dens in dente is an anomaly of dental development characterized by focal or multifocal invaginations of the enamel in the dental papilla before its mineralization, it can result in additional layers of enamel, cementum, dentin or pulp tissue, it is also known as invaginated tooth or invaginated odontoma. The clinical case of an 18-year-old female patient is presented, she comes to the clinic for referring halitosis and purulent exudate for 1 month, a clinical and radiographic examination of tooth 22 was performed, a radiopaque invagination line was observed that penetrates the portion radicular in the cervical third, wide radiolucent area in the apical third, sinuous course and purulent exudate. Root canal treatment was performed with a flexible rotary system and canal obturation with a lateral technique and vertical compaction, restored with resin

La experiencia del caminar en ciudades Latinoamericanas

The results of a descriptive study that explores how the inhabitants of eight cities in six Latin American countries (Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Argentina, Uruguay and Chile) evaluate the conditions that make those cities walkable are presented. A total of 1133 people rated, by means of a questionnaire made up of 50 items, different situations that arise when walking, an instrument that was complemented by 144 semi-structured interviews. Based on a descriptive correlational analysis, using the multidimensional scaling program, Smallest Space Analysis (SSA), the three dimensions proposed to capture the experience of walking are confirmed: 1) the purposes that people pursue when walking, 2) the place where they walk, and 3) the spatial and social conditions that inhibit or promote this experience; the elements that make up each dimension are also identified. These findings are integrated with the results of the semi-structured interviews to be discussed in terms of their implications for urban planning and management.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Se exponen los resultados de un estudio descriptivo que explora la forma como los habitantes de 8 ciudades de 6 países latinoamericanos (México, Colombia, Perú, Argentina, Uruguay y Chile) valoran las condiciones que las hacen caminables. Un total de 1133 personas calificaron, mediante un cuestionario conformado por 50 ítems, distintas situaciones que se presentan al caminar, instrumento que fue complementado por 144 entrevistas semiestructuradas. A partir de un análisis descriptivo correlacional, mediante el programa de escalamiento multidimensional, Smallest Space Analysis (SSA), se confirman las 3 dimensiones propuestas para recoger la experiencia del caminar: 1) los propósitos que persiguen las personas al caminar, 2) el lugar por donde se camina y 3) las condiciones espaciales y sociales que inhiben o promueven esta experiencia; se identifican, además, los elementos que integran cada dimensión. Estos hallazgos se integran con los resultados de las entrevistas semiestructurada para ser discutidos en términos de sus implicaciones para la planeación y la gestión urbanas.