Discrimination and the Regional Human Rights Protection Systems: The Enigma of Effectiveness

Despite the creation of regional human rights protection systems and their efforts, the problems of discrimination, exclusion, and marginalization continue to be widespread, posing formidable barriers for many persons to exercise their basic civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. These considerations raise the question of whether the regional human rights protection systems in the Americas and Europe can really impact substantially the eradication of the problem of discrimination, which is part of their mandate. The author contends in this article that the Inter-American and European Systems do have potential to contribute to the prevention and response to the problem of discrimination, through the execution of their varied mandates and mechanisms. In this sense, the author discusses in the article emerging legal tendencies that are noteworthy from both systems, among these: i) the special treatment of a number of groups as “vulnerable” or “in a situation of vulnerability;” ii) an approach considering the intersection of different identities or factors of discrimination; iii) a flexible reading to the textual prohibition of discrimination in the major treaties, identifying more prohibited motives such as sexual orientation and gender identity; iv) an avid link between violence and discrimination, and the obligation to act with due diligence when these acts are committed by non-State actors; and v) the issue of stereotypes and how these influence negatively the actions of State authorities towards historically marginalized groups and society as a whole. The article will review how these legal tendencies offer both opportunities and challenges to these two regional protection systems to improve their effectiveness in efforts to address in a structural and transformative way the problem of discrimination in the Americas and in Europe. This paper contributes to current scholarship in this area by comparing the approach to discrimination issues of two regional human rights protection systems; examining the overall response of these institutions to discrimination through the lens of effectiveness and the varied mechanisms of each system; and considering the different social contexts, political realities, and financial pressures these systems face, which impact their overall work in the protection and promotion of human rights

Women and international human rights in modern times: a contemporary casebook

Divulgação dos SUMÁRIOS das obras recentemente incorporadas ao acervo da Biblioteca Ministro Oscar Saraiva do STJ. Em respeito à Lei de Direitos Autorais, não disponibilizamos a obra na íntegra.Localização na estante: 341.231.14:396 C393

Propuesta grafo-plástica para fomentar el desarrollo motriz en niños de educación inicial I del Centro “Cruz Alcívar Marquínez” de Portoviejo

The grapho-plastic techniques have been considered over time as that tool that seeks to promote motor development in children, which is why the need for its application within the teaching-learning process of the child arises more and more. infant, because it will contribute significantly to motor skills. The objective of this work is to structure an educational proposal with novel grapho-plastic activities as a tool to enhance the motor development of children in initial education I of the Initial Education Center "Cruz Alcívar Marquínez" in Portoviejo. In this line, the research was based on a qualitative study based on a relevant bibliography, through the analysis of specialized texts and those considered fundamental to promote the idea of ​​an active school; the structural-functional systemic method was used, the same method that was used to analyze the variables: grapho-plastic techniques and motor development. The techniques applied for data collection, such as the interview with teachers and the survey, allowed making a selection of coherent information based on the theme raised. Through the results obtained, it was possible to show that the grapho-plastic techniques are of great importance and it can even be affirmed that they lead the child towards an effective process of knowledge acquisition and motor performance, for which the elaboration of a proposal was considered through of practices typical of the area of ​​initial aesthetic education, but opening the door to creativity and updating of activities considering the infant's own environment.A las técnicas grafo-plásticas se las ha venido considerando con el pasar del tiempo como aquella herramienta que busca favorecer el desarrollo motriz en los niños, es por esto que cada vez más surge la necesidad de su aplicación dentro del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del infante, porque va a aportar de manera significativa en la motricidad. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo, Estructurar una propuesta educativa con actividades grafo-plásticas novedosas como herramienta potenciadora del desarrollo motriz de los niños de educación inicial I del Centro de Educación Inicial “Cruz Alcívar Marquínez” de Portoviejo. En esta línea, la investigación se fundamentó en un estudio de tipo cualitativo sustentado en una bibliografía pertinente, mediante el análisis de textos especializados y aquellos considerados fundamentales para potenciar la idea de una escuela activa; se empleó el método sistémico estructural- funcional, el mismo que se utilizó para hacer un análisis de las variables: técnicas grafo-plásticas y desarrollo motriz. Las técnicas aplicadas para la recopilación de datos, como la entrevista a los docentes y la encuesta, permitió hacer una selección de información coherente con base en la temática planteada. Mediante los resultados obtenidos se pudo evidenciar que las técnicas grafo-plásticas son de gran importancia e incluso se puede afirmar que conlleva al niño hacia un proceso efectivo de adquisición de conocimiento y desempeño motriz, por lo que se consideró la elaboración de una propuesta por medio de prácticas propias del área de educación estética inicial, pero abriendo la puerta hacia la creatividad y actualización de las actividades considerando el propio entorno del infante

Análisis de la producción de mezcal en San Diego La Mesa Tochimiltzingo, Puebla (Reserva Sierra del Tentzo), México

There is a high pressure on wild populations of Agave spp. leading to possible extinction in the region of San Diego La Mesa Tochimiltzingo, located at the Natural Protected Area “Sierra del Tentzo”, due to the increasing demand for mezcal production during the last 10 years. An analysis of the production process of mezcal was carried out through a socio-environmental diagnosis and the general population structure of wild Agave in order to determine actions for the sustainable use of mezcal production in the community. Techniques for participatory development were carried out with mezcal producers and field ecological techniques were used to assess an Agave population in the core area of the Reserve. It was determined that the main problem is the increasing scarcity of Agave, due to the extraction of wild specimens without suitable management techniques that allow the recovery of the resource, as well as the lack of training to grow their own plantations. An aggregate distribution was observed with individuals of different ages of A. angustifolia. A population density of 460 plants/ha was calculated, a value 60% lower than that recommended. No individuals of A. potatorum were found. An overexploitation of the resource was recorded, so it is urgent to establish measures for the conservation of wild Agave populations in the region.Derivado del aumento acelerado de la demanda de mezcal en los últimos 10 años, existe una mayor presión sobre las poblaciones silvestres de Agave spp., lo cual aumenta el riesgo de desaparecer en la región de San Diego La Mesa Tochimiltzingo, Puebla, ubicada en el Área Natural Protegida “Sierra del Tentzo”. Se realizó un análisis del proceso productivo del mezcal a través de un diagnóstico socioambiental y de la estructura poblacional general de Agave silvestre con el fin de determinar acciones para el aprovechamiento sustentable en la producción de mezcal en la comunidad. Para obtener la información, se llevaron a cabo técnicas de desarrollo participativo con los maestros mezcaleros y mediciones en campo de las especies de Agave en la zona núcleo de la Reserva. Se determinó que la principal problemática en la producción de mezcal es la cada vez mayor escasez de Agave, debido a la extracción de especímenes silvestres sin técnicas de manejo que permitan la recuperación del recurso, así como la falta de capacitación para realizar sus propias plantaciones. En la población evaluada se observó una distribución agregada con individuos de diferentes edades de A. angustifolia. Se calculó una densidad poblacional de 460 plantas/ha, valor 60% menor a lo recomendado. No se encontraron individuos de A. potatorum. Se registró una sobreexplotación del recurso, por lo que es urgente establecer medidas para la conservación del Agave silvestre en la región

Women's reproductive rights in the inter-American system of human rights: conclusions from the Field, June - September 2014

The Inter-American System of Human Rights has proven to be a forum for the advancement of women’s reproductive rights in the Inter-American region. However, the Inter-American System faces significant challenges in promoting structural transformative change that enables women’s enjoyment of their reproductive health rights. This report examines three reproductive rights cases from the Inter- American Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights: María Mamerita Mestanza Chávez v. Peru; Paulina Ramirez Jacinto v. Mexico; and Artavia Murillo et al. v. Costa Rica. In the summer of 2014, interviews were conducted with representatives in each of the case study countries, with the objective of the research being two-fold: (1) to understand how each of the cases developed, and the subsequent challenges and advancements; and (2) to learn from these cases in order to suggest recommendations for how actors can make better use of the Inter-American System as one of several avenues for protecting, promoting and fulfilling women’s reproductive rights. The report first discusses challenges in implementing women’s reproductive health rights, and then explores how the Inter-American System can strengthen its work on women’s reproductive health rights