914 research outputs found
Hydrophobic counter ion effects on the formation of mesh and reversed phases in the perfluorodecanoate/water system
The tetramethylammonium perfluorodecanoate (C10TMA)/water system forms both random, Mh1(0) and correlated mesh, Mh1(R[3 with combining macron]m) phases over a wide range of concentration and temperature. Whilst the random mesh phase is found in the ammonium homologue, the extensive correlated mesh phase seems to be a result of the hydrophobic nature of the tetramethylammonium (TMA) counter ion. In order to explore the reasons for the occurrence of these mesh phases and the effects of hydrophobic counter ions on phase structure the counter ion has been substituted by a series of increasing hydrophobicity namely butyltrimethylammonium (BTMA), dibutyldimethylammonium (DBDMA), and methyltributylphosphonium (MTBP). The phases and their structures were identified by small angle X-ray scattering. Increasing counter ion hydrophobicity causes a change from mesh, to lamellar, and finally to reversed phases. All the hydrophobic counter ions are strongly bound to the water/fluorocarbon interface and, in the case of those with butyl chains, there is penetration of between 50 and 60% of the total number of counter ion methyl groups into the fluorocarbon region of the lamellar phase. These bound counter ions reduce the accessibility of the head group region to solvent water. As the number of butyl chains on the counter ion increases the lamellar phase is progressively lost and is replaced by a reversed micelle phase either as a single phase or as part of an extensive two phase region
Scheduling Based on Interruption Analysis and PSO for Strictly Periodic and Preemptive Partitions in Integrated Modular Avionics
Integrated modular avionics introduces the concept of partition and has been widely used in avionics industry. Partitions share the computing resources together. Partition scheduling plays a key role in guaranteeing correct execution of partitions. In this paper, a strictly periodic and preemptive partition scheduling strategy is investigated. First, we propose a partition scheduling model that allows a partition to be interrupted by other partitions, but minimizes the number of interruptions. The model not only retains the execution reliability of the simple partition sets that can be scheduled without interruptions, but also enhances the schedulability of the complex partition sets that can only be scheduled with some interruptions. Based on the model, we propose an optimization framework. First, an interruption analysis method to decide whether a partition set can be scheduled without interruptions is developed. Then, based on the analysis of the scheduling problem, we use the number of interruptions and the sum of execution time for all partitions in a major time frame as the optimization objective functions and use particle swarm optimization (PSO) to solve the optimization problem when the partition sets cannot be scheduled without interruptions. We improve the update strategy for the particles beyond the search space and round all particles before calculating the fitness value in PSO. Finally, the experiments with different partitions are conducted and the results validate the partition scheduling model and illustrate the effectiveness of the optimization framework. In addition, other optimization algorithms, such as genetic algorithm and neural networks, can also be used to solve the partition problem based on our model and solution framework
The Proximal Operator of the Piece-wise Exponential Function and Its Application in Compressed Sensing
This paper characterizes the proximal operator of the piece-wise exponential
function with a given shape parameter ,
which is a popular nonconvex surrogate of -norm in support vector
machines, zero-one programming problems, and compressed sensing, etc. Although
Malek-Mohammadi et al. [IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,
64(21):5657--5671, 2016] once worked on this problem, the expressions they
derived were regrettably inaccurate. In a sense, it was lacking a case. Using
the Lambert W function and an extensive study of the piece-wise exponential
function, we have rectified the formulation of the proximal operator of the
piece-wise exponential function in light of their work. We have also undertaken
a thorough analysis of this operator. Finally, as an application in compressed
sensing, an iterative shrinkage and thresholding algorithm (ISTA) for the
piece-wise exponential function regularization problem is developed and fully
investigated. A comparative study of ISTA with nine popular non-convex
penalties in compressed sensing demonstrates the advantage of the piece-wise
exponential penalty
PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor treatment and its impact on clinical imaging in non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of immune-related adverse events
BackgroundIn the contemporary era of cancer treatment, lung cancer (LC) holds the unenviable position of being the primary contributor to cancer-induced mortality worldwide. Although immunotherapy has expanded the therapeutic landscape for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors has been accompanied by a concomitant increase in immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Timely detection of irAEs is pivotal for efficacious management and enhanced patient outcomes. Diagnostic imaging, encompassing x-ray and CT scans, can facilitate the identification and supervision of irAEs, thereby ensuring the prompt recognition of associated patterns and alterations for expeditious treatment.MethodsThe present inquiry undertook a systematic exploration of multiple databases, incorporating a diverse array of studies such as randomized controlled trials and observational analyses. Patient demographics, imaging outcomes, and risk of bias were extracted from the data. Meta-analysis was executed utilizing R Statistical Software, with the results of the risk of bias assessment summarized accordingly.FindingsThe analysis unveiled a higher prevalence of irAEs in patients receiving first-line treatment for NSCLC compared to those receiving subsequent treatments, with a statistically significant distinction observed for both high- and low-grade irAEs (p < 0.001). Pneumonitis, thyroiditis, and colitis emerged as the most frequently reported irAEs, whereas hepatitis and pancolitis were less commonly documented. This investigation signifies a crucial advancement in elucidating the function of imaging in the treatment of NSCLC with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and emphasizes the imperative for ongoing research in this domain
Writing Instruction in China: Challenges and Efforts
This qualitative study examined the current writing instruction in 1-12 level education with the data collected in three Chinese cities. The data from the Interviews of teachers and teacher-educators at different levels and from classroom observations at upper elementary to high schools in three metropolitan cities across China provide insights into 1-12 writing instruction in contemporary China. To further reveal the efforts taken by writing teacher under China’s high-stakes testing culture, this paper also presented a case study of an exemplary 10th grade writing teacher, who took tremendous efforts in nurturing true readers and writers in his classroom under the test-obsessive culture in China
Cost-effectiveness of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy with adjuvant pembrolizumab for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer in the United States
IntroductionPerioperative (neoadjuvant and adjuvant) pembrolizumab has shown favorable efficacy in patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this treatment from the perspective of the United States healthcare payers.MethodsWe established a Markov model to compare the cost-effectiveness of perioperative pembrolizumab with that of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in 21-day cycles, utilizing data from the phase 3 KEYNOTE-671 trial. Additional data were extracted from other publications or online sources. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the robustness of the findings. A willingness-to-pay threshold of 224,779.1 and 94,222.29 per QALY gained. The NMB at the WTP threshold at 67,931.3. One-way sensitivity analysis identified the cost of pembrolizumab as the primary factor influencing cost-effectiveness. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicated a 97.7% probability of perioperative pembrolizumab being cost-effective at the WTP threshold.ConclusionsFrom the perspective of the United States healthcare payers, perioperative pembrolizumab is a cost-effective treatment for patients with early-stage NSCLC
Exploring Target Representations for Masked Autoencoders
Masked autoencoders have become popular training paradigms for
self-supervised visual representation learning. These models randomly mask a
portion of the input and reconstruct the masked portion according to the target
representations. In this paper, we first show that a careful choice of the
target representation is unnecessary for learning good representations, since
different targets tend to derive similarly behaved models. Driven by this
observation, we propose a multi-stage masked distillation pipeline and use a
randomly initialized model as the teacher, enabling us to effectively train
high-capacity models without any efforts to carefully design target
representations. Interestingly, we further explore using teachers of larger
capacity, obtaining distilled students with remarkable transferring ability. On
different tasks of classification, transfer learning, object detection, and
semantic segmentation, the proposed method to perform masked knowledge
distillation with bootstrapped teachers (dBOT) outperforms previous
self-supervised methods by nontrivial margins. We hope our findings, as well as
the proposed method, could motivate people to rethink the roles of target
representations in pre-training masked autoencoders.The code and pre-trained
models are publicly available at https://github.com/liuxingbin/dbot.Comment: The first two authors contributed equall
Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes with encapsulated Fe nanoparticles as efficient oxygen reduction catalyst for alkaline membrane direct ethanol fuel cells
Exploring low-cost and highly efficient non-precious metal electrocatalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction is crucial for the development of fuel cells. Herein, we report the synthesis of bamboo-like N-doped carbon nanotubes with encapsulated Fe-nanoparticles through high-temperature pyrolysis of multiple nitrogen complex consisting of benzoguanamine, cyanuric acid, and melamine. As-prepared catalyst exhibits high catalytic activity for oxygen reduction with onset potential of 1.10 V and half-wave potential of 0.93 V, as well as low H2O2 yield (<1%) in alkaline medium. The mass activity of the catalyst at 1.0 V (0.58 A g−1) can reach 43% of state-of-the-art commercial Pt/C. This catalyst also exhibits high durability and ethanol tolerance. When it was applied in alkaline membrane direct ethanol fuel cell, the peak power density could reach to 64 mW cm−2, indicating its attractive application prospect in fuel cells
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