El uso de herramientas financieras y su incidencia en las operaciones de exportación de Mypes del sector agrícola

El Perú ha venido creciendo últimamente en el rubro de las exportaciones desde hace más de siete años según la Asociación de Exportadores (ADEX). El Comercio (2017) detalló que los despachos del sector agropecuario alcanzaron llegar a un total de 130 países en todo el mundo. En cierto tiempo de análisis, se resaltó que el mercado estadounidense fue el principal país demandante de nuestros productos con un total de US$528,3 millones, en pocas palabras, es el 26Por otro lado, entro del sector exportador, las empresas peruanas tienen la necesidad de financiarse para invertir en maquinarias, mano de obra, materias primas, y otros factores que implican que las empresas obtengan fondos para poner en marcha operaciones que demandan las exportaciones y más aún si se trata de Medianas y pequeñas empresas y van a realizar las operaciones concernientes a las exportaciones. Actualmente existe un abanico de posibilidades de acogerse a herramientas financieras según el perfil de la empresa. Además, por parte del sector público existen programas fomentados por el Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF) y sus fiduciarias que cumplen un rol muy importante y financian las operaciones pre y post embarque, y estos programas que resaltan son SEPYMEX Y FOGEM. Por otro lado, por parte del sector privado, existen numerosos capitales que pueden derivarse del entorno social, intermediarios y contactos que establecen relaciones que apoyen al negocio a cambio de participaciones y/o utilidades al final de cada periodo del negocio.Peru has been growing recently in the field of exports for more than seven years according to the Exporters Association (ADEX). El Comercio (2017) details that agricultural firms reached a total of 130 countries worldwide. In some time of analysis it was highlighted that the US market was the main claimant of our products with a total of US$528.3 million, and arguably 26% of the total exported. On the one hand, to rescue the importance of exports in the agricultural sector, Agriculture Minister Jorge Montenegro mentioned that it estimates growth in the agro and livestock sector of more than 4.1% this year. It also added that the sector with more work will be promoted in four basic axes such as: titling, water, technology and financing for the benefit of family farming and with a projection by 2021. On the other hand, in the export sector, Peruvian companies have the need to finance theself to invest in machinery, labor, raw materials, and other factors that involve companies obtaining funds to start operations that demand exports, and even more so if they are medium and small enterprises and will carry out export operations. There is currently a range of possibilities to benefit from financial tools according to the company's profile. In addition, on the part of the public sector there are programs promoted by the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) and its fiduciaries that play a very important role and finance pre- and post-shipment operations, and these programs that stand out are SEPYMEX and FOGEM. On the other hand, on the part of the private sector, there are numerous capitals that can be derived from the social environment, intermediaries and contacts that establish relationships that support the business in exchange for shares and / or profits at the end of each business period

Two Stellar Components in the Halo of the Milky Way

The halo of the Milky Way provides unique elemental abundance and kinematic information on the first objects to form in the Universe, which can be used to tightly constrain models of galaxy formation and evolution. Although the halo was once considered a single component, evidence for its dichotomy has slowly emerged in recent years from inspection of small samples of halo objects. Here we show that the halo is indeed clearly divisible into two broadly overlapping structural components -- an inner and an outer halo -- that exhibit different spatial density profiles, stellar orbits and stellar metallicities (abundances of elements heavier than helium). The inner halo has a modest net prograde rotation, whereas the outer halo exhibits a net retrograde rotation and a peak metallicity one-third that of the inner halo. These properties indicate that the individual halo components probably formed in fundamentally different ways, through successive dissipational (inner) and dissipationless (outer) mergers and tidal disruption of proto-Galactic clumps.Comment: Two stand-alone files in manuscript, concatenated together. The first is for the main paper, the second for supplementary information. The version is consistent with the version published in Natur

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Isolated-word speech recognition system

The Isolated Word Speech Recognition System (ISRS) utilizes speech with a pause as its input. The speech waveform would be digitized by an analog to digital converter and sent to a computer. The digitized speech would then be analyzed by the computer, compared with its vocabulary to find a close match. If a close match is found, the computer would output the word on the screen. If not the word would be rejected. The software part of the project is programmed in Turbo Pascal 5.5

Priming and effector dependence on insulin B:9–23 peptide in NOD islet autoimmunity

NOD mice with knockout of both native insulin genes and a mutated proinsulin transgene, alanine at position B16 in preproinsulin (B16:A-dKO mice), do not develop diabetes. Transplantation of NOD islets, but not bone marrow, expressing native insulin sequences (tyrosine at position B16) into B16:A-dKO mice rapidly restored development of insulin autoantibodies (IAAs) and insulitis, despite the recipients’ pancreatic islets lacking native insulin sequences. Splenocytes from B16:A-dKO mice that received native insulin–positive islets induced diabetes when transferred into wild-type NOD/SCID or B16:A-dKO NOD/SCID mice. Splenocytes from mice immunized with native insulin B chain amino acids 9–23 (insulin B:9–23) peptide in CFA induced rapid diabetes upon transfer only in recipients expressing the native insulin B:9–23 sequence in their pancreata. Additionally, CD4+ T cells from B16:A-dKO mice immunized with native insulin B:9–23 peptide promoted IAAs in NOD/SCID mice. These results indicate that the provision of native insulin B:9–23 sequences is sufficient to prime anti-insulin autoimmunity and that subsequent transfer of diabetes following peptide immunization requires native insulin B:9–23 expression in islets. Our findings demonstrate dependence on B16 alanine versus tyrosine of insulin B:9–23 for both the initial priming and the effector phase of NOD anti-islet autoimmunity

Scientific foundations for an IUCN Red List of ecosystems

No grant i