Using CAD in final quilifying works of bachelors

There are considered the possibility of using CAD in final qualifying works of bachelors. There are shown practical application of skills for future job of Graduates Automating the processes of heat and power. One of the graduate’s activities is design of functional, principle and wiring scheme. These types of schemes are included in the compulsory set of demonstration material. Quality of schemes speaks about professionalism of bachelors and gives potential employers opportunity to assess how professional designer. Students in the performance of graphics use different CAD systems such as AutoCAD, Microsoft Visio, Compas. Work designer and installer is impossible without knowledge some different CAD system. CAD systems are taught in several disciplines of the educational process

The importance of return to work: How to achieve optimal reintegration in ACS patients

The vocational reintegration of patients after an acute coronary syndrome is a crucial step towards complete convalescence from the social as well as the individual point of view. Return to work rates are determined by medical parameters such as left ventricular function, residual ischaemia and heart rhythm stability, as well as by occupational requirement profile such as blue or white collar work, night shifts and the ability to commute (which is, in part, determined by physical fitness). Psychosocial factors including depression, self-perceived health situation and pre-existing cognitive impairment determine the reintegration rate to a significant extent. Patients at risk of poor vocational outcomes should be identified in the early period of rehabilitation to avoid a reintegration failure and to prevent socioprofessional exclusion with adverse psychological and financial consequences. A comprehensive healthcare pathway of acute coronary syndrome patients is initiated by cardiac rehabilitation, which includes specific algorithms and assessment tools for risk stratification and occupational restitution. As the first in its kind, this review addresses determinants and legal aspects of reintegration of patients experiencing an acute coronary syndrome, and offers practical advice on reintegration strategies particularly for vulnerable patients. It presents different approaches and scientific findings in the European countries and serves as a recommendation for action

Improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction in revascularized postmyocardial patients: indication for statistical fallacy

Abstract Background Reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤30% is the most powerful prognostic indicator for sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients after myocardial infarction (MI), but there are little data about long-term changes of LVEF after revascularization and the following implantation of a cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 277 patients with reduced LVEF at least 1 month after MI and complete revascularization. Patients (median time post-MI 23.4 months; 74.3% after PCI, 25.7% after CABG were assigned either to group 1 (LVEF <30%) or group 2 (LVEF 30–40%). Biplane echocardiography was redone after a mean follow-up of 441 ± 220 days. Results LVEF increased significantly in both two groups (group 1: 26.2 ± 4.8% to 32.4 ± 8.5%; p < 0.001; group 2: 38.2 ± 2.5% to 44.4 ± 9.6%; p < 0.001). However, statistical analysis of first and second LVEF measurement by means of a LOWESS regression and with an appropriate correction of the regression towards the mean effect revealed only a moderate increase of the mean LVEF from 35 to 37% (p < 0.001) with a large interindividual variation. Conclusions The impact of early revascularization on LVEF appears to be low in the majority of post-MI heart failure patients. Owing to the high variability, a single measurement may not be reliable enough to justify a decision on ICD indication

The ECG in cardiac rehabilitation

Rubesch-Kutemeyer V, Reibis R, Voller H, Gielen S. Das EKG in der Rehabilitation. Herzschrittmachertherapie und Elektrophysiologie . 2023.The concept and the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation are well established and scientifically proven. In the context of shortened in-hospital stays and older patients receiving more complex interventions, complications of those procedures might occur during cardiac rehabilitation. This article discusses guideline-directed diagnosis and treatment of complications after transcatheter aortic valve replacement, especially delayed-onset heart block, post-operative atrial fibrillation, and acute coronary ischemia in the setting of pre-existent bundle branch block. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Die kardiale Anschlussrehabilitation stellt im Rahmen der intersektoralen Versorgung kardialer Patienten zumeist eine Klasse-IA-Indikation dar. Mit zunehmender Verkurzung der Aufenthaltsdauer im Akutkrankenhaus, einem immer alter werdenden Patientenkollektiv in Verbindung mit zunehmend komplexen Interventionen besteht die alltagliche Herausforderung in einer Rehabilitationseinrichtung auch im Umgang mit Komplikationen nach diesen Eingriffen. In diesem Artikel wird die leitliniengerechte Diagnostik und Therapie von brady- und tachykarden Rhythmusstorungen sowie die Diagnostik einer Koronarischamie nach operativen oder interventionellen kardialen Eingriffen in speziellen Situationen erlautert.Die kardiale Anschlussrehabilitation stellt im Rahmen der intersektoralen Versorgung kardialer Patienten zumeist eine Klasse-IA-Indikation dar. Mit zunehmender Verkürzung der Aufenthaltsdauer im Akutkrankenhaus, einem immer älter werdenden Patientenkollektiv in Verbindung mit zunehmend komplexen Interventionen besteht die alltägliche Herausforderung in einer Rehabilitationseinrichtung auch im Umgang mit Komplikationen nach diesen Eingriffen. In diesem Artikel wird die leitliniengerechte Diagnostik und Therapie von brady- und tachykarden Rhythmusstörungen sowie die Diagnostik einer Koronarischämie nach operativen oder interventionellen kardialen Eingriffen in speziellen Situationen erläutert

Comments on the 2021 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice

Gielen S, Wienbergen H, Reibis R, Koenig W, Weil J, Landmesser U. Kommentar zu den neuen Leitlinien (2021) der Europäischen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie (ESC) zur kardiovaskulären Prävention. Kardiologie. 2022.The new ESC guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice have introduced a number of new features into the guidelines: 1. The new SCORE2 system was developed based on recent European cohort studies with a total of 677,684 participants, a significant update compared to the old SCORE system, which was based on studies dating back to the 1970s and 1980s. For the first time SCORE2-OP enables the calculation of the individual risk in people> 69 years of age. SCORE2 also marks a change in the risk definition: instead of mortality risk it now provides an estimate of morbidity and mortality risks for cardiovascular diseases. 2. The thresholds for risk categorization based on SCORE2 are now dynamic with age: below 50 years of age individuals with a SCORE2 risk of >= 7.5% are very high-risk, while those between 50 and 69 years need to surpass >= 10% and those >= 70 years should be above 15% SCORE2 risk to be classified as very high risk. This change was made to reflect the lifetime exposure, which is greater at a younger age. 3. The novel 2-step approach separates a general recommendation for prevention for all from the final prevention goals that should be reached in selected patients based on life years gained, comorbidities, frailty and patient wishes. There is a certain danger that this may dilute the prevention goals because many patients and physicians may not go beyond step 1. Not all effects of the new SCORE2 system and the readjusted risk thresholds have yet become clear. A close monitoring of how the new guidelines affect the number of patients in whom, e.g. statin treatment is recommended, is warranted in the different risk regions. Additionally, the freedom of choice with respect to prevention intensity remains a potential threat to optimal guideline implementation. Therefore, implementation studies are needed to continue the virtuous cycle of guideline development.Die bedeutendste Veränderung in den neuen ESC-Leitlinien zur kardiovaskulären Prävention von 2021 betrifft die Risikoevaluation gesunder Menschen: Durch die Einführung von SCORE2 wird eine neue epidemiologische Studienbasis für die Risikoeinschätzung eingeführt, die erstmals die Berechnung der kardiovaskulären Erkrankungswahrscheinlichkeit und der kardiovaskulären Mortalität erlaubt. Zudem ermöglicht SCORE2 OP nun auch eine zuverlässige Risikobestimmung bei Menschen oberhalb des 65. Lebensjahres bis in die 9. Lebensdekade. Die Altersdynamisierung der Risikoschwellen für hohes und sehr hohes kardiovaskuläres Risiko trägt dem Gedanken der Lebenszeitexposition Rechnung, führt aber evtl. zu einer höheren Zahl behandlungspflichtiger Patienten. Mit dem 2‑Step-Approach empfiehlt die ESC eine pragmatische Herangehensweise an die Risikofaktoreinstellung: Während in Step 1 basale Präventionsziele für alle Patienten vorgegeben werden, soll der Arzt im Gespräch mit dem Patienten in Abhängigkeit von 10-Jahres-Risiko, Lebenszeitnutzen, Begleiterkrankungen und Patientenwunsch die optimalen Präventionsziele besprechen und anschließend anstreben. Leider werden in den Leitlinien die Kriterien, wer für die optimalen Präventionsziele geeignet ist, nicht klar definiert. Damit besteht die Gefahr einer subjektiven Fehleinschätzung seitens der behandelnden Ärzte, die möglicherweise vielen Patienten den Nutzen einer optimalen kardiovaskulären Prävention vorenthält. Der von den Autoren der Leitlinie hervorgehobene Gedanke des „Freedom of Choice“ könnte insofern zum Bumerang werden und zur Verwässerung der Implementierung einer optimalen Prävention führen. Hierzu und zu möglichen Verschiebungen beim Anteil behandlungsbedürftiger Patienten in der Primär- und Sekundärprävention sind in den nächsten Jahren Längsschnittstudien erforderlich, um Umsetzungsqualität und Prognosewirksamkeit zu objektivieren

Return to work in heart failure patients with suspected viral myocarditis

Background: Endomyocardial biopsy is considered as the gold standard in patients with suspected myocarditis. We aimed to evaluate the impact of bioptic findings on prediction of successful return to work. Methods: In 1153 patients (48.9 ± 12.4 years, 66.2% male), who were hospitalized due to symptoms of left heart failure between 2005 and 2012, an endomyocardial biopsy was performed. Routine clinical and laboratory data, sociodemographic parameters, and noninvasive and invasive cardiac variables including endomyocardial biopsy were registered. Data were linked with return to work data from the German statutory pension insurance program and analyzed by Cox regression. Results: A total of 220 patients had a complete data set of hospital and insurance information. Three quarters of patients were virus-positive (54.2% parvovirus B19, other or mixed infection 16.7%). Mean invasive left ventricular ejection fraction was 47.1% ± 18.6% (left ventricular ejection fraction <45% in 46.3%). Return to work was achieved after a mean interval of 168.8 ± 347.7 days in 220 patients (after 6, 12, and 24 months in 61.3%, 72.2%, and 76.4%). In multivariate regression analysis, only age (per 10 years, hazard ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.10–1.46; p = 0.001) and left ventricular ejection fraction (per 5% increase, hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.12; p = 0.002) were associated with increased, elevated work intensity (heavy vs light, congestive heart failure, 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.34–0.99; p < 0.049) with decreased probability of return to work. None of the endomyocardial biopsy–derived parameters was significantly associated with return to work in the total group as well as in the subgroup of patients with biopsy-proven myocarditis. Conclusion: Added to established predictors, bioptic data demonstrated no additional impact for return to work probability. Thus, socio-medical evaluation of patients with suspected myocarditis furthermore remains an individually oriented process based primarily on clinical and functional parameters

A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism near the CYP17A1 Gene Is Associated with Left Ventricular Mass in Hypertensive Patients under Pharmacotherapy

Cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) catalyses the formation and metabolism of steroid hormones. They are involved in blood pressure (BP) regulation and in the pathogenesis of left ventricular hypertrophy. Therefore, altered function of CYP17A1 due to genetic variants may influence BP and left ventricular mass. Notably, genome wide association studies supported the role of this enzyme in BP control. Against this background, we investigated associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in or nearby the CYP17A1 gene with BP and left ventricular mass in patients with arterial hypertension and associated cardiovascular organ damage treated according to guidelines. Patients (n = 1007, mean age 58.0 ± 9.8 years, 83% men) with arterial hypertension and cardiac left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥40% were enrolled in the study. Cardiac parameters of left ventricular mass, geometry and function were determined by echocardiography. The cohort comprised patients with coronary heart disease (n = 823; 81.7%) and myocardial infarction (n = 545; 54.1%) with a mean LVEF of 59.9% ± 9.3%. The mean left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was 52.1 ± 21.2 g/m2.7 and 485 (48.2%) patients had left ventricular hypertrophy. There was no significant association of any investigated SNP (rs619824, rs743572, rs1004467, rs11191548, rs17115100) with mean 24 h systolic or diastolic BP. However, carriers of the rs11191548 C allele demonstrated a 7% increase in LVMI (95% CI: 1%–12%, p = 0.017) compared to non-carriers. The CYP17A1 polymorphism rs11191548 demonstrated a significant association with LVMI in patients with arterial hypertension and preserved LVEF. Thus, CYP17A1 may contribute to cardiac hypertrophy in this clinical condition