Social Preferences on Public Intervention: an empirical investigation based on French Data

In this paper we examine the support given by French households to public intervention for reducing inequalities and improving well-being of the low-income classes. We first discuss to what extent the model of self interest could be relied upon when one wants to take into account social norms to explain the individual demand for redistribution. We find that social beliefs matter for explaining the individual attitudes towards public intervention. We find also that the support given to redistribution can increase or decrease depending on the interaction between reciprocity norms and beliefs about causes of poverty.

Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility in Bargaining : Evidence from a Transcontinental Ultimatum Game

This paper presents the experimental results of a “Transcontinental Ultimatum Game” implemented between India and France. The bargaining took the form of standard ultimatum games, but in one treatment Indian subjects made offers to French subjects and, in another treatment, French subjects made offers to Indian subjects. We observed that French→Indian bargaining mostly ended up with unequal splits of money in favour of French, while nearly equal splits were the most frequent outcome in Indian→French interactions. The experimental results are organized through a standard social reference model, modified for taking into account the different marginal value of money for bargainers. In our model bargaining is driven by relative standings comparisons between players, occurring in terms of real earnings (that is monetary earnings corrected for a purchasing power factor) obtained in the game. The norm of equity behind the equalization of real earnings is called local equity norm, and contrasted to a global equity norm which would encompass the wealth of players beyond the game. According to what we observed, no beyond-game concern seems to be relevantly endorsed by subjects.Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility; Fairness; Bargaining experiment; Ultimatum Game

Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility in Bargaining: Evidence from a Transcontinental Ultimatum Game

This paper presents the experimental results of a “Transcontinental Ultimatum Game” implemented between India and France. The bargaining took the form of standard ultimatum games, but in one treatment Indian subjects made offers to French subjects and, in another treatment, French subjects made offers to Indian subjects. We observed that French→Indian bargaining mostly ended up with unequal splits of money in favour of French, while nearly equal splits were the most frequent outcome in Indian→French interactions. The experimental results are organized through a standard social reference model, modified for taking into account the different marginal value of money for bargainers. In our model bargaining is driven by relative standings comparisons between players, occurring in terms of real earnings (that is monetary earnings corrected for a purchasing power factor) obtained in the game. The norm of equity behind the equalization of real earnings is called local equity norm, and contrasted to a global equity norm which would encompass the wealth of players beyond the game. According to what we observed, no beyond-game concern seems to be relevantly endorsed by subjects.Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility; Fairness; Bargaining experiment; Ultimatum Game

Interpersonal comparisons of utility in bargaining : Evidence from a transcontinental Ultimatum Game

Cet article présente les résultats expérimentaux d'un jeu de l'ultimatum "transcontinental" entre la France et l'Inde. Le jeu se présente comme un jeu de l'ultimatum classique mais, dans un traitement, les sujets indiens font des propositions aux sujets français et, dans un autre traitement, les sujets français proposent aux indiens. On observe que les négotiations France-> Inde ont tendance à produire des partages monétaires inégaux, en faveur des Français, alors que les négotiations Inde -> France ont tendance à produire des partages monétaires égaux.Le cadre conceptuel que nous introduisons pour expliquer ces phénomènes est un modèle standard de norme sociale de référence, modifié de manière à pouvoir tenir comte des différences d'utilitité marginale de la monnaie. Notre explication ne nécessite pas de considérer des normes culturelles différentes dans les deux pays. Elle repose simplement sur la prise en compte des pouvoirs d'achat différents de la monnaie dans les deux pays, pour les sommes effectivement en jeu dans l'interaction considérée. Nous appellons "équité locale" une telle norme, opposée à des normes "globales", qui ne négligeraient pas la richesse des joueurs en dehors du jeu. D'après nos observations, aucune considération relative au statut des participants en dehors du jeu ne semble pertinente.Comparaisons inter-personnelles d'utilité;Justice;Equité;Expérience de négociation;Jeu de l'ultimatum

Interpersonal comparisons of utility in bargaining: evidence from a transcontinental ultimatum game

This paper presents the experimental results of a “Transcontinental Ultimatum Game” implemented between India and France. We use a standard ultimatum game, but in one treatment Indian subjects made offers to French subjects (ItoF treatment) and, in another treatment, French subjects made offers to Indian subjects (FtoI treatment). We observed that FtoI treatment bargaining mostly ended up with unequal splits of money in favor of French, while nearly equal splits were the most frequent outcome in ItoF treatment interactions. The experimental results are organized through a standard social reference model, modified for taking into account the different marginal value of money for bargainers. In our model bargaining is driven by relative standings comparisons between players, occurring in terms of real earnings (that is monetary earnings corrected for a purchasing power factor) obtained in the game. The norm of equity behind the equalization of real earnings is called local equity norm, and contrasted to a global equity norm which would encompass the wealth of players beyond the game. According to what we observed, no beyond-game concern seems to be relevantly endorsed by subjects.Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility ; Fairness, Bargaining experiment ; Ultimatum Game

Moral Intuitions about Social Inequality and Individual Responsibility: A European Comparison.

Responsabilité individuelle; Inégalités;

Social Inequality Factors in the contexts of Education and Health: A European Comparison Based on An Experimental Questionnaire.

Education; Santé; Inégalités;

Interpersonal comparisons of utility in bargaining: evidence from a transcontinental ultimatum game

International audienceThis paper presents the experimental results of a “Transcontinental Ultimatum Game” implemented between India and France. We use a standard ultimatum game, but in one treatment Indian subjects made offers to French subjects (ItoF treatment) and, in another treatment, French subjects made offers to Indian subjects (FtoI treatment). We observed that FtoI treatment bargaining mostly ended up with unequal splits of money in favor of French, while nearly equal splits were the most frequent outcome in ItoF treatment interactions. The experimental results are organized through a standard social reference model, modified for taking into account the different marginal value of money for bargainers. In our model bargaining is driven by relative standings comparisons between players, occurring in terms of real earnings (that is monetary earnings corrected for a purchasing power factor) obtained in the game. The norm of equity behind the equalization of real earnings is called local equity norm, and contrasted to a global equity norm which would encompass the wealth of players beyond the game. According to what we observed, no beyond-game concern seems to be relevantly endorsed by subjects

Characterization of effluents from a tannery industry: A case study of Córdoba province, Argentina

Tannery effluents are considered to be severe pollutants around the world. The characterization of such effluents is a very important task in order to verify the compliance with legal requirements of the discharge and, if necessary, to optimize their treatment. In this study, we used the effluents from a local tannery (Córdoba, Argentina) that had implemented only a primary treatment. The effluents were periodically collected during one year to assess their physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics, as well as their toxicity. The physical and chemical characteristics showed variations independently of the sampling time, although, in general, a high nutrient load was the most frequent finding. Moreover, parameters such as chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphate, total phenols, Cr(VI) and settleable solids exceeded the limit set by the provincial legislation for the discharge of effluents into surface water bodies. The effluents were also characterized by a high count of bacteria, where pollutant-tolerant and some pathogenic bacteria were found. In sampling 9, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria represented up to 93 % of the total number of sequences obtained, with Paludibacter, Tissierella Soehngenia, Proteocatella and Proteiniclasticum as the most abundant genera. In concordance with these results, all samples showed toxicity according to L. sativa and AMPHITOX bioas-says. Altogether, data from this report indicate the need to optimize primary treatment of the effluents, as well as to include complementary treatments in order to reduce the negative environmental impacts of the release of this kind of runoffs.Los efluentes de las curtidurías se consideran contaminantes graves en todo el mundo. La caracterización de dichos efluentes es una tarea muy importante para verificar el cumplimiento de los requisitos legales de vertido y, en caso de ser necesario, optimizar el tratamiento de efluentes. En este estudio utilizamos los efluentes de una curtiduría local (Córdoba, Argentina) que había implementado sólo un tratamiento primario. Los efluentes fueron recolectados periódicamente durante un año para evaluar sus caracte- rísticas físicas, químicas y microbiológicas, así como su toxicidad. Las características físicas y químicas mostraron variaciones independientemente del tiempo de muestreo, aunque, en general, el hallazgo más frecuente fue una alta carga de nutrientes. Además, parámetros como demanda química de oxígeno, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno, ni- trógeno total, fosfato total, fenoles totales, Cr(VI) y sólidos sedimentables, superaron los límites establecidos por la legislación provincial para el vertido de efluentes en aguas superficiales. Los efluentes también se caracterizaron por un alto recuento de bacterias, encontrándose bacterias tolerantes a contaminantes y algunos patógenos. En la muestra 9, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes y Proteobacteria representaron en conjunto hasta el 93 % del número total de secuencias obtenidas, siendo Paludibacter, Tissierella Soehngenia, Proteocatella y Proteiniclasticum los géneros más abundantes. De acuerdo con estos resultados, todas las muestras presentaron toxicidad según los bioensayos de L. sativa y AMPHITOX. En conjunto, los datos de este informe indican la necesidad de optimizar el tratamiento primario de los efluentes, así como de incluir tratamientos complementarios para reducir los impactos ambientales negativos de la liberación de este tipo de efluentes.Fil: Fernandez, Marilina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud; ArgentinaFil: González, Paola Solange. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología Molecular. Sección Química Biológica; ArgentinaFil: Boarini, Milena Belen. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Mandille, Josefina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; ArgentinaFil: Barberón, Ignacio. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; ArgentinaFil: Perotti, Romina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud; ArgentinaFil: Pereira, Paola Patricia. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud; ArgentinaFil: Agostini, Elizabeth. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud; ArgentinaFil: Paisio, Cintia Elizabeth. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud; Argentin