Financial Restrictions, Personal Income Tax (PIT) and Demand for a Permanent Home in a Dynamic Model. An analysis with Panel Data for Spain

This paper analyzes the way in which income tax and liquidity determine the purchase or rental of a permanent home in Spain. To do this, we have developed a theoretical dynamic model based on Euler’s equation. This model is verified using a sample from the 1991-1995 Panel of income taxpayers. Results suggest that the degree of financial restriction is the most relevant variable when determining the possibility of purchasing a home, while tax incentives increase their relative weighting once this asset has been acquired. Incentives for renting a home are relatively insignificant particularly for taxpayers who habitually rent their homes.personal income tax, liquidity, permanent home, tax incentives

Financial Restrictions, Personal Income Tax (PIT) and Demand for a Permanent Home in a Dynamic Model. An analysis with Panel Data for Spain

This paper analyzes the way in which income tax and liquidity determine the purchase or rental of a permanent home in Spain. To do this, we have developed a theoretical dynamic model based on Euler’s equation. This model is verified using a sample from the 1991-1995 Panel of income taxpayers. Results suggest that the degree of financial restriction is the most relevant variable when determining the possibility of purchasing a home, while tax incentives increase their relative weighting once this asset has been acquired. Incentives for renting a home are relatively insignificant particularly for taxpayers who habitually rent their homes.personal income tax, liquidity, permanent home, tax incentives

Productivity, adjustment costs and R&D investment prices An analysis of a panel of Spanish manufacturing companies

This study analyses the role played by adjustment costs and R&D investment prices in total R&D productivity. The results show that on average, for each monetary unit increase in adjustment costs produces a fall in productivity of 0.034 monetary units.R&D, productivity, adjustment costs

Financial Restrictions, Personal Income Tax (PIT) and Demand for a Permanent Home in a Dynamic Model. An analysis with Panel Data for Spain

This paper analyzes the way in which income tax and liquidity determine the purchase or rental of a permanent home in Spain. To do this, we have developed a theoretical dynamic model based on Euler’s equation. This model is verified using a sample from the 1991-1995 Panel of income taxpayers. Results suggest that the degree of financial restriction is the most relevant variable when determining the possibility of purchasing a home, while tax incentives increase their relative weighting once this asset has been acquired. Incentives for renting a home are relatively insignificant particularly for taxpayers who habitually rent their homes.personal income tax, liquidity, permanent home, tax incentives

IS A TAX CUT ON CULTURAL GOODS CONSUMPTION ACTUALLY DESIRABLE?:A MICROSIMULATION ANALYSIS

Proposals for tax cuts on cultural goods represent an ongoing debate in cultural policy. The main aim of this paper is to shed some light on this debate using microsimulation tools. First, we have estimated an Almost Ideal Demand System for nineteen different groups of goods, including cultural goods. Expenditure and price elasticities have been obtained from this model. Using this information, three alternatives cuts in the V.A.T. rate on cultural goods have been microsimulated and evaluated in terms of revenue and welfare. These types of fiscal reforms will lead to welfare and efficiency gains that can be described as regressive.Microsimulation, tax reforms, cultural consumption, welfare

Caracterización dendroecológica, anatómica y física de la madera juvenil de Araucaria angustifolia proveniente de Oxapampa

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Departamento Académico de Industrias ForestalesEl presente estudio tiene como objetivo contribuir al conocimiento de la heterogeneidad de la madera de Araucaria angustifolia de seis años proveniente de una plantación forestal en Oxapampa, mediante análisis de la variabilidad de la anatomía y propiedades físicas de la madera y la relación entre estas, evaluación de la tasa de crecimiento con el método de análisis fustal convencional y determinación de la influencia del clima en el crecimiento radial. Se planteó un Diseño completamente al azar para el análisis de la variabilidad radial, compuesta por tres niveles de factor: I (cercana a médula), II (intermedia) y III (cercana a corteza) y la variabilidad longitudinal, compuesta por cuatro niveles de factor: 0,3; 2,3; 4,3 y 6,3 m de altura. Se realizaron análisis de correlación, regresión lineal simple y múltiple entre las variables físicas densidad básica y contracción volumétrica y las variables anatómicas longitud de traqueidas y espesor de pared. Se determinaron las variables dendrométricas a partir de la construcción del perfil longitudinal de cuatro individuos de A. angustifolia. Se evaluó la influencia de las variables climáticas en el crecimiento radial en diferentes períodos anuales. En posiciones más cercanas a la base y corteza se encontraron mayores valores de longitud de traqueidas, espesor de pared, densidad básica y contracción volumétrica. El espesor de pared de traqueidas fue la variable predictora anatómica que mejor explicó la variabilidad de la densidad básica y contracción volumétrica promedio, con 76,17% y 85,49% respectivamente. El análisis fustal demostró ser un método adecuado para la evaluación de las tasas de crecimiento de A. angustifolia, con ICA de 1,93 ± 0,25 cm e IMA de 1,89 ± 0,10 cm. La precipitación en el período octubre – septiembre fue la variable predictora climática que mejor explicó la variabilidad del crecimiento radial promedio a 1,3 m de altura con 83,82%.This study aims to contribute to the knowledge of the heterogeneity of the six-year-old Araucaria angustifolia wood from a forest plantation in Oxapampa, by analyzing the variability of the anatomy and physical properties of the wood and the relationship between them, evaluation of the growth rate with the conventional fustal analysis method and determination of the influence of climate on radial growth. A completely randomized design was proposed for the analysis of radial variability, composed of three levels of factor: I (near the pith), II (intermediate) and III (near the bark) and longitudinal variability, consisting of four levels of factor: 0.3; 2.3; 4.3 and 6.3 m high. Correlation analyzes were performed, simple and multiple linear regression between the physical variables basic density and volumetric contraction and the anatomical variables of tracheid length and wall thickness. Dendrometric variables were determined from the construction of the longitudinal profile of four individuals of A. angustifolia. The influence of climatic variables on radial growth in different annual periods was evaluated. In positions closer to the base and bark were higher values of tracheid length, wall thickness, basic density and volumetric contraction. Tracheid wall thickness was the anatomical predictor variable that best explained the variability of the basic density and average volumetric contraction, with 76.17% and 85.49% respectively. The fustal analysis proved to be an adequate method for the evaluation of the growth rates of A. angustifolia, with ICA of 1.93 ± 0.25 cm and IMA of 1.89 ± 0.10 cm. Precipitation in the October - September period was the climatic predictor variable that best explained the variability of the average radial growth at 1.3 m high with 83.82%

Binary black hole mergers in nuclear star clusters: eccentricities, spins, masses, and the growth of massive seeds

We investigate the formation of intermediate mass black holes (IMBHs) through hierarchical mergers of stellar origin black holes (BHs), as well as BH mergers formed dynamically in nuclear star clusters. Using a semi-analytical approach which incorporates probabilistic mass-function-dependent double BH (DBH) pairing, binary-single encounters, and a mass-ratio-dependent prescription for energy dissipation in hardening binaries, we find that IMBHs with masses of $\mathcal{O}(10^2)$~--~$\mathcal{O}(10^4)\,\rm M_\odot$ can be formed solely through hierarchical mergers in timescales of a few $100$\,Myrs to a few\,Gyrs. Clusters with escape velocities $\gtrsim400$\,km\,s$^{-1}$ inevitably form high-mass IMBHs. The spin distribution of IMBHs with masses $\gtrsim 10^3M_\odot$ is strongly clustered at $\chi\sim 0.15$; while for lower masses, it at $\chi\sim 0.7$. Eccentric mergers are more frequent for equal-mass binaries containing first- and/or second-generation BHs. Metal-rich, young, dense clusters can produce up to $20\%$ of their DBH mergers with eccentricity $\geq0.1$ at $10\,\rm Hz$, and $\sim2$~--~$9\%$ of all in-cluster mergers can form at $>10$\,Hz. Nuclear star clusters are therefore promising environments for the formation of highly-eccentric DBH mergers, detectable with current gravitational-wave detectors. Clusters of extreme mass ($\sim10^8$\,M$_\odot$) and density ($\sim10^8$\,M$_\odot$pc$^{-3}$) can have about half of all of their DBH mergers with primary masses $\geq100$\,M$_\odot$. The fraction of in-cluster mergers increases rapidly with increasing cluster escape velocity, being nearly unity for $v_{\rm esc}\gtrsim 200$\,km\,s$^{-1}$. Cosmological merger rate of DBHs from nuclear clusters varies $\approx0.01-1$\,Gpc$^{-3}$yr$^{-1}$.Comment: submitted to MNRA

Catalog of magnetic white dwarfs with hydrogen dominated atmospheres

White dwarfs are excellent research laboratories as they reach temperatures, pressures, and magnetic fields that are unattainable on Earth. To better understand how these three physical parameters interact with each other and with other stellar features, we determined the magnetic field strength for a total of 804 hydrogen-rich white dwarfs of which 287 are not in the literature. We fitted the spectra observed with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey using atmospheric models that consider the Zeeman effect due to the magnetic field at each point in the stellar disk. Comparing magnetic and non-magnetic WDs, the literature already shows that the magnetic ones have on average higher mass than the non-magnetic. In addition to that, magnetic fields are more common in cooler WDs than in hotter WDs. In consonance, we found that those with higher magnetic field strengths tend to have higher masses, and lower temperatures, for which models indicate the crystallization process has already started. This reinforces the hypothesis that the field is being generated and/or amplified in the cooling process of the white dwarf. Our sample constitutes the largest number of white dwarfs with determined magnetic fields to date.Comment: Accepted in ApJ on 27th December 202

Colorimetría y densitometría en madera de Guazuma crinita

En el presente trabajo se determinaron los parámetros colorimétricos mediante el sistema CIELAB y la densidad aparente por densitometría de rayos X en madera de Guazuma crinita para obtener información de su calidad en el uso como madera solida o transformada. La evaluación se realizó en tres niveles del eje axial (basal, medio y apical) de una plantación de 5 y 8 años, en la zona de Puerto Inca, departamento de Huánuco, Perú. En ambas edades, empleando el sistema CIElab, se encontró que la madera es de coloración homogénea y se clasifica como rosa grisáceo. La densidad aparente medida por densitometría de rayos X en el sentido médula - corteza fue de 0,52 g/cm3 y 0,56 g/cm3 para 5 y 8 años respectivamente; con promedios mayores en el nivel basal (5 años: 0,65; 8 años:0,68) y menores en el nivel apical (5 años: 0,43; 8 años: 0,47). Los perfiles densitométricos mostraron, en general, que radialmente hay un aumento de la densidad aparente en el sentido médula - corteza. La densidad de la madera madera de 5 años resultó más uniforme que la de 8 años con un índice de uniformidad de 149,7 y 170,3, respectivamente

The Asymptotic Number of Attractors in the Random Map Model

The random map model is a deterministic dynamical system in a finite phase space with n points. The map that establishes the dynamics of the system is constructed by randomly choosing, for every point, another one as being its image. We derive here explicit formulas for the statistical distribution of the number of attractors in the system. As in related results, the number of operations involved by our formulas increases exponentially with n; therefore, they are not directly applicable to study the behavior of systems where n is large. However, our formulas lend themselves to derive useful asymptotic expressions, as we show.Comment: 16 pages, 1 figure. Minor changes. To be published in Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Genera