Revision of the New World Genus Crassomicrodus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Agathidinae), with an Identification Key to Species

A key to species and descriptions are presented for 14 species of the New World genus Crassomicrodus Ashmead. Seven new species, Crassomicrodus azteca, Crassomicrodus clypealis, Crassomicrodus costaricensis, Crassomicrodus jalisciensis, Crassomicrodus mariae, Crassomicrodus oaxaquensis,and Crassomicrodus olgae are described. Crassomicrodus fenestratus (Viereck) is synonymized with Crassomicrodus nigriceps (Cresson). Crassomicrodus melanopleurus (Ashmead) is recognized as a valid species

Morphometry ofDiaphorina citri(Hemiptera: Liviidae) on Six Rutaceae from Veracruz, Mexico

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar la caracterización morfométrica de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), así como conocer si el hospedero ejerce alguna influencia importante en la definición de variantes específicas. Los caracteres medidos fueron la longitud del cuerpo, longitud y amplitud de alas anteriores y procesos genales, y longitud de antenas. Los machos y hembras se analizaron de manera independiente. Las medidas obtenidas se sometieron a un análisis de varianza y a un análisis de componentes principales. La mayor variación morfométrica y menor talla se encontró en especímenes machos colectados en hospederos no preferenciales como Citrus limetta Risso, C. sinensis (L.) ‘Selección 8’ y C. paradisi Macfad.; mientras que los más grandes y menos variables en C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. ‘Marrs ‘, C. sinensis (L.) cv. ‘Valencia’ y Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. Los caracteres con variación notable fueron la longitud y amplitud de las alas anteriores y de los procesos genales. Se encontró mayor variación morfométrica en machos que en hembras. Los resultados mostraron que D. citri es una especie con variantes morfométricas y probablemente el hospedante posee un efecto determinante en la definición de caracteres. ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to characterize Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) morphometrically, as well to determine whether the host has a relationship to a specific morphometric variation. The traits measured were body length, antenna length, lengths and widths of genal processes, and forewing length and width. Females and males were analyzed separately. The measures obtained were subjected to an analysis of variance and principal components analysis. The greatest morphometrical variation and smallest sizes were found in males collected from non-prefered hosts such as Citrus limetta Risso, C. sinensis (L.) ‘Selection 8’ and C. paradisi Macfad.; while, the least variations and largest sizes were found on C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. ‘Marrs’, C. sinensis (L.) cv. ‘Valencia’ and Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. The traits with notable variation were lengths and widths of forewings and genal processes. Greater morphometrical variations were found in males than in females. The results indicate that D. citri is a species with morphometrical variants and probably the host is a determinant in the definition of characters

Cladistics, bruchids and host plants: evolucionary interactions in Amblycerus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

A preliminary cladistic analysis of forty species of Amblycerus Thunberg is presented based on 29 morphological characters. The analysis generated four equally parsimonious trees of 60 steps in length with a consistency index of 0.63 and a retention index of 0.88. By replacing host families by each species of Amblycerus on the cladogram, an approximation of macroevolution into host taxa was formulated. These bruchids appear to have moved from the plant family Fabaceae into 12 other plant families, with many species into the families Sterculiaceae and Boraginaceae. Various factors including oviposition behavior are cited for some host shifts. Plant chemistry is especially important but we only have correlative data to support these conclusions. To us, it appears that the most parsimonious explanation for the host shifts that we observed was by macroevolution during enhanced rates of bruchid diversification in the Recent epoch.Se presenta una análisis cladístico preliminar para 40 especies de Amblycerus Thunberg basado en 29 caracteres morfológicos. Se generaron cuatro árboles igualmente parsimoniosos de 60 pasos de longitud, con una consistencia de 0.63 y un índice de retención de 0.88. Remplazando en el cladograma cada una de las especies de Amblycerus por la familia de la planta huésped, fue posible formular una aproximación de la macroevolución en los taxones de los huéspedes. Al parecer estos brúquidos se han movido de la familia de plantas Fabaceae a 12 familias de otras plantas, principalmente Sterculiaceae y Boraginaceae. Varios factores, incluyendo el comportamiento de oviposición, se han citado para explicar algunos de los cambios de huésped. La bioquímica de la planta es especialmente importante, aunque solamente contamos con datos correlativos para soportar estas conclusiones. Para nosotros, la explicación más parsimoniosa sobre los cambios de huésped que observamos es por macroevolución durante ciertos periodos en la diversificación de los brúquidos en la época reciente

Crassomicrodus fulvescens Cresson 1865

Crassomicrodus fulvescens (Cresson 1865) (Fig. 1 a–f) Microdus fulvescens Cresson 1865: 297 [Examined]. Microdus medius Cresson 1865: 298 [Examined]. New synonymy. Holotype: Female. Col. No. 1727.1 (ANSP). Holotype of M. medius: Male. Col. No. 1725 (ANSP). Description: Female. Color: Integument yellowish orange except eye silver (Fig. 1 a, b) or blackish, ocelli translucent yellow (Fig. 1 d); antenna black; apical area of hind tibia and tarsomeres blackish, sometimes apical area of middle tibia, tarsomeres and/or trochanter blackish; wing veins dark brown; forewing infumate with large hyaline spot in first submarginal and second discal cells. Head: Transverse in frontal view; face with weak longitudinal ridge dorsomesally; eye height/width = 1.48–1.55; eye height (lateral view) 0.59–0.61 X inter-ocular distance (anterior view); pyramidal-shaped raised surface between antennae with two weakly defined tubercles (Fig. 1 b, c); frons deeply excavated; posterior area of antennal sockets smooth (Fig. 1 d); groove between lateral ocelli smooth; median ocellus separated from lateral ocellus by smooth groove; gena distinctly bulging (Fig. 1 b, c); malar space (anterolateral view) 0.55–0.65 X longer than eye height; clypeus (anterior view) 2.44–2.67 X wider than high; length of ventrolateral margin of clypeus similar to diameter of tentorial pit; antenna with 34–37 flagellomeres; setae at base of mandible distinctly longer than setae on rest of body surface. Mesosoma: Pronotum smooth (Fig. 1 e); lateral pronotal margins with superficially crenulate groove; notauli impressed; anterolateral edges of scutellum lacking small acute projection (Fig. 1 f); scutellar disc convex with sparse setae from 0.08–0.09 mm in length; scutellar disc sloped posteriorly and rounded; lateral scutellar depression rugose and foveolate (Fig. 1 f); carinae of central metanotal area almost circular shaped; propodeum reticulate rugose; subalar lobe separated from mesopleuron by narrow rugulose groove, with rugosities posteriorly (Fig. 1 e); metapleuron reticulate-rugose. Legs: inner spur of middle tibia 0.54–0.58 X length of basitarsus; inner spur of hind tibia 0.48– 0.54 X length of basitarsus; metabasitarsus 1.10–1.24 X length of tarsomeres III, IV, and V combined; hind tibia 2.17–2.38 X longer than basitarsus; hind femur length 3.70 –4.00X its maximum width. Wings: forewing length/width = 2.61–2.72; stigma 3.38–3.85 X longer than maximum width; forewing vein R 1 0.56–0.66 X as long as vein RS; vein RS not sinuate; vein r arising beyond middle of stigma; second submarginal cell triangular, with petiole 0.13–0.24 mm long; vein M+CU distinctly pigmented throughout; hind wing length/width = 3.46–3.56; hind wing vein 1 M 1.47–1.71 X longer than 1 r-m; hind wing with 5–7 hamuli. Metasoma: Apical width of petiole (tergum 1) 2.73–2.97 X wider than basal width (dorsal view); minimum width of petiole 0.61– 0.62 X apical width (dorsal view); length of ovipositor sheath 0.24–0.33 mm. Body length: 6.35–8.05 mm. Male: Similar to female except color as follows: integument black except medial area of mandible, pronotum, mesonotum, subalar lobe, tegula, metasoma, femora, tibia, and tarsomeres yellowish orange. Apical area of hind tibia and all hind tarsomeres sometimes blackish. Host: The alfalfa looper, Autographa californica (Speyer) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is reported as a possible host for C. fulvescens based exclusively on label data from a female specimen in the USNM from Walla Walla, Washington. However, isolated rearings are necessary to verify A. californica as a host since host remains are not associated with the specimen. Autographa californica is distributed throughout the United States and parts of Canada. Larval host plants include pea, sugarbeet, alfalfa, bean, mint, and spinach (Berry 1998). Specimens examined: Holotype Ψ M. fulvescens: Col. (ANSP). Holotype ɗ M. medius: Col. (ANSP). Other specimens examined: CANADA, British Columbia: Osoyoos: 1 Ψ 4 ɗ 21 /VII/ 1953, McGillis J.R. (1 Ψ 3 ɗ CNC, 1 ɗ HIIC); 1 ɗ 22 /VII/ 1953, McGillis J.R. (CNC); 4 ɗ (1 homotype) 25 /VIII/ 1953, Martin J.E.H. (3 CNC, 1 HIIC); 1 Ψ 3 ɗ 27 /VII/ 1953, Martin J.E.H. (1 Ψ 2 ɗ CNC, 1 ɗ HIIC). MEXICO, Chihuahua: Boquilla, 1 Ψ 23 /VII/ 1987, González A. (CIBE-UANL). Coahuila: 39 km S Agua Nueva, 1 ɗ 20 /X/1994, 1770 m., Mercado I., 24.53. 21 N 101.04. 63 W (TAMU). Sonora: Minas Nuevas, 1 ɗ 7 /VIII/ 1952, Vaurie C. & Vaurie P. (AMNH). Zacatecas: 9 miles S Fresnillo, 2 Ψ 9 /VII/ 1954, Linsley E.G, MacSwain J.W. & Smith R.F. (EMEC, USNM). USA: Ckll, 1 ɗ 4523, 1926; 1 Ψ [no date]; 1 Ψ 17 /VII/ 1877, Greeley; Pasco, 4 ɗ 26 /V/ 1894, Piper C.V. (1 AEIC, 3 USNM). Arizona: Cochise Co.: Portal, 1 Ψ 2–12 /IX/ 1976, Van der Vecht J. (AEIC). 2 miles E Portal, 1 Ψ 25 /VIII/ 1966, Gertsch W.J.; 2 miles NE Portal, 1 ɗ 1 /IX/ 1960, Cazier & Feight; 2.5 miles NE Portal, 1 ɗ 26 /VIII/ 1959, Statham M.; Skeleton Cyn., Peloncillo Mountains, 1 Ψ 4 /V/ 1966, Rozen & Favreau (AMNH). 1.5 miles W St. David, 1 Ψ 3 /IX/ 1961, Hurd P.D. (EMEC). Chiricahua Mountains, Portal: 1 Ψ 1 ɗ 15 /VIII/ 1958, Bohart R.M.; 1 Ψ 6 /VIII/ 1958, James R.H.; Portal: 1 Ψ 16 /VIII/ 1958, Marsh P.M.; 3 Ψ 1 ɗ 16 /VIII/ 1958, Moore C.G.; 1 Ψ 5 /VIII/ 1958, Bohart R.M.; 85 miles W Tombstone, 1 ɗ 1 / VIII/ 1966, Kovacic C.R.; San Simon, 1 ɗ 13 /VIII/ 1981, Bohart R.M.; Willcox, 1 Ψ 28 /VIII/ 1974, Bohart R.M.; 7 miles N Tucson, Pima Co., 1 Ψ 4 /IX/ 1968, Miller D.R. & Lauck J.E. (UCDC). Tucson, 1 ɗ 6 /IX/ 1933, Bryant (CAS). N Sonoita, 1 ɗ 10 /VIII/ 1959 (CNC). Continental, 1 Ψ 24 /IV/ 1958, Butler G.D.; Portal Creek Cyn., 1 ɗ 5 /VIII/ 1977, Masner L. (HIIC). Vernon, 1 Ψ 25 /VI/ 1957, Butler G. & Werner F. (USNM). Arkansas: Willcox, 1 Ψ 1 ɗ 31 /VII/ 1909, Fisher A.K. (USNM). California: Oak Glen, San Bernardino Co.: 1 Ψ 25 /VII/ 1984, 1500 m., Wagner Robert E., Malaise trap; 4 Ψ 31 - VIII/ 6 - IX/ 1984, 1500 m., Wagner Robert E.; 1 ɗ 12–18 /X/ 1984, 1500 m., Newton and Thayer (CNC). 18 miles E Camp Ozena, Ventura Co., 1 Ψ 2 /VII/ 1965, Powell J.; Sand dunes, 1 mile S Rio Vista, Solano Co., 2 Ψ 7 /VIII/ 1976, Whitman Doug (EMEC). Menifee Valley, Riverside Co., 1 Ψ 20 /VIII/ 1976, Frommer S.I. & Frommer S.L., 117.12. 45 N 33.39. 19 W (FSCA). Reedley, Fresno Co., 2 Ψ 3 ɗ 7– 10 /VII (UCDC). Valley Field Station, UC Moreno, Riverside Co., 1 Ψ 10 /V/ 1979, (UCR). Madera, Madera Co., 1 Ψ 5 /X/ 1975, Linsley E.G., J.M. & Michelbacher A.E., M.M. (USNM). Colorado: La Junta, 2 Ψ 2 ɗ 12 /VIII/1920, 1250 m., 37.59 N 103.31 W; Pueblo, 1 Ψ 9 /VIII/1920, 1433 m., 38.10 N 104.36 W (AMNH). Baca Co., 1 Ψ VI/ 1939, Landburg R. (CAS). Rocky Ford, 1 Ψ 26 /VI/ 1917, Popenoe C.H.; Estes Park, 1 Ψ (homotype) 2 /VII/1961, 2286 m., Mason W.R.M. (CNC). Wray, 1 Ψ 17– 19 /VIII/ 1919, 40.0 N 102.10 W, 3,700 ft (HIIC). Colorado, 1 Ψ VII/ 1916, Popenoe; Hartman, 1 Ψ 14 /VII/ 1955, Marston Norman; Hartman, 1 ɗ 21 /VI/ 1957, Marsron N. (KSUC). Chimney, 1 ɗ (MCZ). Pueblo, 1 Ψ 11 /VI/ 1956, Dreisbach R. & Dreisbach K. (MSUC). Inspiration, Denver, 1 ɗ 2 /VII/ 1933, Gibbons H.I. (UCMC). Canon City, 1 Ψ; Colorado, 2 Ψ 1 ɗ; 0.5 miles SE Earl, 1 ɗ 23 /VIII/ 1929, Romey V.E.; Rocky Ford: 1 Ψ 10 /VII/ 1954, Titus E.S.G.; 4 ɗ 23 VII/ 16 VIII/ 1909, Marsh H.O.; 1 Ψ 26 /VI/ 1917, Popenoe C.H.; 1 ɗ 5 /IX/ 1909, Marsh H.O.; 1 ɗ 9 /VII/ 1912, Marsh H.O. (USNM). Idaho: Montpelier, 1 Ψ 2 ɗ 6 /VII/1920, 1859 m., 42.19 N 111.18 W (AMNH). 1 Ψ 2 ɗ Preston, 17 /VII/ 1922, Van Duzee E.P. (CAS). Burley, 2 Ψ 27 /VI/ 1932, Fox David E.; Hansen, 1 ɗ 29 /VII/ 1932, Fox David E.; Oakley: 2 ɗ 1 /VII/ 1927, Carter W.; 1 ɗ 14 /VII/ 1927, Carter W.; 1 ɗ 17 /VIII/ 1927, Carter W.; 1 Ψ 19 /VI/ 1933, Fox David E.; 2 ɗ 25 /VI/ 1928; 3 ɗ 29 /VII/ 1932, Fox David E.; 1 ɗ 30 /VIII/ 1932, Fox David E.; Paul, 1 Ψ 20 /VI/ 1930 (USNM). Kansas: Seward Co., 1 ɗ 27 /VI, Lantz, (KSUC). Garden City, 2 Ψ VI/ 1896, Menke H.; Garden City, 1 Ψ VIII/ 1896, Menke H. (USNM). New Mexico: Hatch: 1 ɗ 28 /VIII/ 1974, Townes H. & Townes M.; 2 Ψ 1 ɗ 29 /VIII/ 1974, Townes H. & Townes M.; 1 ɗ 30 /VIII/ 1974, Townes H. & Townes M.; Nutt, 1 Ψ 29 /VIII/ 1974, Townes H. & Townes M.; Rodeo, 1 Ψ 7 /IX/ 1974, Townes H. & Townes M.; Tucumcari, 2 ɗ 13 /V/ 1981, Dasch C. & Dasch B. (AEIC). Cubero, Valencia Co., 1 ɗ 18 /VIII/ 1948, Vaurie C. & Vaurie P. (AMNH). Santa Fe: 1 ɗ 22 /VII/ 1926, Van Dyke E.C.; 1 Ψ 24 /VII/ 1926, Van Dyke E.C. (CAS). 25 miles N Las Cruces, Dona Ana Co., 1 ɗ 24 /IX/ 1974, Bohart G. & Hanson W. (CNC). 7 miles NE Albuquerque, Bernalillo Co., 1 Ψ 1 ɗ VII/ 1955 (EMEC). Oasis St. Park, Roosevelt Co., 1 ɗ 31 /VIII/1971, 1250 m., Brown K.W. & Petrulis P.J. (ESUW). 2 miles NW Rodeo, Hidalgo Co., 1 Ψ 31 /VIII/ 1960, Cazier & Feight (HIIC). 16 miles S Datil, Catron Co, 1 Ψ 16 /VI/ 1956, Dreisbach R. & Dreisbach K.; Hoxie Jc. [Colfax Co.], 1 Ψ 2 ɗ 12 /VI/ 1956, Dreisbach R. & Dreisbach K.; Rotan, 1 Ψ 12 /VI/ 1956, Dreisbach R. & Dreisbach K. (MSUC). 15 miles N Rodeo La Cienega L., Hidalgo Co., 1 ɗ 10 / IX/ 1971, Villegas B.; Carrizozo, Lincoln Co., 1 Ψ 6 /VIII/ 1966, Kovacic C.R.; Rodeo, Hidalgo Co.: 1 Ψ 1 ɗ 10 /VIII/ 1958, Rice R.E.; 1 ɗ 2 /VIII/ 1958, Rice R.E.; Tucumcari, Quay Co.: 1 ɗ 10 /VII/ 1963, Bohart R.M.; 2 Ψ 7 ɗ 17 /VIII/ 1967, Bohart R.M. (UCDC). 14 miles SW of Portales, nr. Boone Draw, Roosevelt Co., 4 Ψ 26 / V/ 1972, Frommer Saul & Jorgrnsen N. (UCR). 0.5 miles W Springer, 1 Ψ 23 /VIII/ 1929, Romney V.E.; 2 miles N San Jon, 1 ɗ 12 /VII/ 1929, Romney V.E.; 16 miles S Datil, Catron Co., 1 ɗ 16 /VI/ 1956, Dreisbach R. & Dreisbach K.; 5.7 miles W Grady, 1 ɗ 28 /VI/ 1929, Romney V.E.; Correo, Valerica Co., 1 Ψ 15 /VI/ 1956, Dreisbach R. & Dreisbach K.; Jemez Springs, 1 ɗ 21 /VII/ 1929, Englehardt G.P.; Hoxie Jc. [Colfax Co.], 1 Ψ 1 ɗ 12 /VI/ 1956, Dreisbach R. & Dreisbach K.; Las Cruces, Cockerell 1 Ψ; Las Cruces, 1 ɗ V/ 1923?, Garcia (USNM). Oklahoma: Forgan, 1 Ψ 1 ɗ 14 /VI/ 1935, Brues (MCZ). Oregon: Hermiston, 2 ɗ 9 /VII/ 1922, Melander A.L. (MCZ). Hermiston, 1 Ψ 10 /V/ 1930, Scullen H.A. (USNM). Texas: Davis Mountains, 1 Ψ 11 / VIII/ 1957, Arnett R.H. (CNC). 20 miles S Kent, Jeff Davis Co., 1 Ψ 15 /VIII/ 1965, Schaffner J.C. (HIIC). Conlen, 1 Ψ 7 /VIII/ 1952, Dreisbach R.R.; El Paso, 1 Ψ 20 /VI/ 1909, Bishop F.C. (USNM). Utah: Huntsville, Ogden Co., 1 ɗ 21 /VII/ 1922, Van Duzee E.P. (CAS). Delta, 1 Ψ 27 /VI/ 1945, Knowlton G.F. (UMSP). Washington: Lind, 2 Ψ 24 /VI/ 1919, Carlson F.W. (AEIC). Yakima, 1 ɗ 24 /IV/ 1932, Rolfs A.R.; Walla Walla, 1 Ψ 20 /VI/ 1980, Graham Vernon D., Autographa californica (Speyer) (USNM). Wyoming: Old Faithful Yellowstone Pk., 1 Ψ Brues C.T. (MCZ). Distribution. This species has a broad western Nearctic distribution, ranging from northern Mexico to southwestern Canada and east as far as Arkansas. The species was previously known only from Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Texas, and Washington in the U.S., and one specimen was reported only as from Mexico (Marsh 1979). Discussion. The only characters used by Muesebeck (1927), in his key and descriptions, to separate C. fulvescens and C. medius were body colors. Our careful examination of more than 192 specimens revealed that males generally correspond to the coloration of Muesebeck's concept of C. medius and females to C. fulvescens. We found no consistent morphological characters (see redescription above) to separate the two species concepts other than genitalic and secondary sexual characteristics. Many early descriptions of braconid species were based primarily or entirely on color differences (Sarmiento & Sharkey 2005), and although sometimes correct, careful studies of long series from diverse localities are needed to corroborate these concepts. Moreover, many braconid species have been shown to have a wide range of color variation (e.g., Toxoneuron bicolor Szépligeti) (Mercado & Wharton 2000). In the case of C. medius and C. fulvescens, we could find no morphological data to support separate species status and no females that match the color patterns of males. Crassomicrodus medius and C. fulvescens were both described in the same paper (Cresson 1865) as Microdus. We chose C. fulvescens as the senior synonym because the holotype is a female; the holotype of C. medius is a male. Female holotypes are the standard for most hymenopteran taxonomy.Published as part of Figueroa, José Isaac, Sharkey, Michael J. & Nápoles, Jesús Romero, 2008, Redescription of Crassomicrodus fulvescens (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Agathidinae), with new distributional data and revised taxonomic status, pp. 63-68 in Zootaxa 1934 on pages 64-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27460

Bothrideres cactophagi schwarz (coleoptera: bothrideridae), parasitoide del picudo del nopal en México

Bothrideres cactophagi was collected from Milpa Alta, Mexico City, the first reported locality for Mexico. This species was found as a gregarious ectoparasitoid on Metamasius spinolae prepupae. It is the only parasitoid reported from this pest in central Mexico

Nueva distribución geográfica de Crassomicrodus fulvescens (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) en Norteamérica

Instituto Politécnico Nacional CIIDIR U. Oaxac

Hernia diafragmática traumática en un niño

La hernia diafragmática traumática es una afección poco frecuente sobre todo en edades pediátricas. El objetivo de este trabajo es reportar un caso de hernia diafragmática secundaria a un trauma toracoabdominal cerrado. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 12 años, masculino ingresado en el Servicio de Cirugía Pediátrica de la Provincia de Santiago de Cuba, por haber sufrido un accidente en el hogar (caída de una pared de ladrillos sobre su cuerpo), que produjo traumatismos a nivel craneal, torácico y lumbar. Los estudios radiológicos confirmaron el diagnóstico de hernia diafragmática traumática izquierda. En el acto quirúrgico se comprueba defecto del diafragma izquierdo de aproximadamente 15 cm, con hernia de estómago, bazo y colon. Se realizó reducción y frenorrafia con puntos de colchonero usando poliéster 0, más pleurostomía mínima baja izquierda. El paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente y egresó a los 10 días para seguimiento en la consulta externa durante 6 meses hasta el alta definitiva