Static Analysis Technique for Searching Natural Semantic Defects of Program Objects and Software Implementation of This Approach Based on the LLVM Compiler Infrastructure and the Clang Frontend

В статье описывается методика статического анализа для поиска функциональных дефектов программ, разработка которой обусловлена необходимостью создания качественного отечественного программного обеспечения автоматизированных систем военного назначения в условиях временных и финансовых ограничений процесса разработки. Использование статического анализа позволит автоматизировать процесс выявления дефектов и упростит их локализацию в рамках мероприятий процесса верификации, при этом приоритетным объектом проверок должно быть специальное программное обеспечение вновь создаваемых автоматизированных систем ввиду своей эксклюзивности, масштабности и логической сложности. Предлагается подход, основанный на контроле выполнения принципа размерной однородности физических уравнений, представленных в программе, для чего идентификаторам программных объектов назначается неизменный признак в виде вектора физической размерности интерпретируемой величины. Совокупность всех векторов образует семантический домен, используемый при проверке соотношений между программными объектами по аналогии с анализом зависимостей при абстрактной интерпретации. Для проверки используется внутреннее представление программы, по которому происходят вычисления производных векторов на основании операций с исходными программными объектами. Программная реализация предлагаемой методики основывается на компиляторе LLVM и фронтенде Clang для трансляции кода на языках C, C++, Objective-C. Получаемое с помощью API Clang абстрактное синтаксическое дерево модифицируется для хранения данных о векторах программных объектовThe article proposes a static analysis technique for searching functional software defects. Development is caused by the need to create high quality domestic military automated system software in conditions of temporary and financial constraints. The use of static analysis makes it possible to automate the process of error detection and it allows to localizing defects simply. The priority object of inspections should be special software for newly created automated systems because it is exclusively, scale and logical complexity. An approach based on controlling the implementation of principle of dimensional homogeneity of the physical equations presented in the software. For this purpose, program objects identifiers are assigned an invariable attribute in the form of a physical dimension vector of interpreted value. The set of all vectors forms a semantic domain used in verifying the relationships between program objects by analogy with the analysis of dependencies in the abstract interpretation. The technique uses a program internal representation for calculations of derivate vectors on the basis of operations with initial program objects. The software implementations uses the LLVM compiler and Clang frontend to translate code in C, C++, Objective-C. Clang API internal representation in the form of abstract syntax tree is modified to store data about program objects vector

Effectiveness Evaluation of Static Analysis for Searching Natural Semantic Defects of Program Objects

В статье проведена оценка эффективности статического анализа для поиска нового типа функциональных дефектов – дефектов естественной семантики программных объектов по показателям полноты и точности на основе математического аппарата теории вероятностей. Расчет показателей эффективности осуществлялся путем графового моделирования вариантов локализации дефектов в конструкциях программного кода для различных групп операций: арифметических, присваивания и сравнения. Для каждой конечной ситуации, создаваемой в модели на основе утверждения об априорно известном результирующем значении естественной семантики проверяемой конструкции, моделируется возможное состояние анализатора (истинное или условно истинное срабатывание, пропуск и норма). Полученные зависимости позволяют определить целесообразность использования статического анализа для поиска дефектов рассматриваемого типа на основе статистических характеристик программного кодаThe paper evaluates the effectiveness of static analysis for searching a new type of functional defects called program objects natural semantic defects in terms of completeness and accuracy on the basis of the probability theory mathematical apparatus. Calculation of performance indicators is carried out by graph modeling of the defects localization variants in the software code constructions for various groups of operations (arithmetic, assignments, and comparisons). The possible state of the analyzer is modeled for each terminal situation on the basis of a priori known checking construction natural semantic result value statement (true trigger, conditionally true trigger, skip, and norm). The obtained dependencies allow to determine the feasibility of using static analysis to find considered defect’s type on the basis of statistical characteristics of software cod

Nickel(II) and Copper(II) Coordination Polymers Derived from 1,2,4,5-Tetraaminobenzene for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Highly conductive electrochemically active materials are required for developing a new generation of ultrafast lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Recently, a novel family of transition metal coordination polymers derived from arylamines exhibited conductivities of over 1 S cm(-1). Low molecular weight analogues of these materials show rich and reversible electrochemical behavior. However, there are just very few reports on the application of such materials in LIBs. In this paper, linear nickel(II) and copper(II) coordination coordination polymers derived from 1,2,4,S-tetraaminobenzene are reported and investigated as anode and cathode materials for LIBs. In the anode mode, both materials show ultrafast cycling behavior with impressive stability. Particularly, for the nickel-based material, a specific capacity of 83 mA h g(-1) is reached at 20 A g(-1) current density, and 79% of this capacity is retained after 20 000 cycles. Moreover, the copper-based polymer used as a cathode component shows a specific capacity of up to 262 mA h g(-1) in the voltage range of 1.5-4.1 V vs Li/Li+, which corresponds to the energy density of 616 W h kg(-1)

Optical Transparency and Local Electronic Structure of Yb-Doped Y₂O₃ Ceramics with Tetravalent Additives

The results of optical transmission and X-ray core-level spectra measurements of Yb:Y2O3 ceramics with different tetravalent sintering additives (ZrO2, CeO2 and HfO2) fabricated from nanopowders (produced by the laser ablation method) and then annealed at 1400 ℃ in air for 2 h are presented. It is found that the transmission values for ZrO2- and HfO2-doped ceramics at the lasing wavelengths are higher than those of CeO2-doped samples. The X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) O 1s spectra show that the relative intensity of oxygen defect peak detected for 3Yb:Y2O3 + 5CeO2 ceramics decreases substantially and consistently compared to that of 5Yb:Y2O3 + 5HfO2 and 3Yb:Y2O3 + 5ZrO2 samples. This can be attributed to a more complete filling of oxygen vacancies due to annealing-induced oxygen diffusion into the highly defective sintered ceramics. The measurements of XPS Ce 3d spectra showed that the insufficiently complete filling of the oxygen vacancies in the 3Yb:Y2O3 + 5CeO2 compound is due to the appreciable presence of trivalent cerium ions

Zero-Field Slow Magnetic Relaxation in Binuclear Dy Acetylacetonate Complex with Pyridine-N-Oxide

A new complex [Dy(C5H7O2)3(C5H5NO)]2·2CHCl3 (1) has been synthesized by the reaction of pyridine-N-oxide with dysprosium (III) acetylacetonate in an n-heptane/chloroform mixture (1/20). X-ray data show that each dysprosium atom is chelate-like coordinated by three acetylacetonate ligands and the oxygen atom from two bridging molecules of pyridine-N-oxide, which unite the dysprosium atoms into a binuclear complex. Static (constant current) and dynamic (alternating current) investigations and ab initio calculations of the magnetic properties of complex 1 were performed. The complex was shown to exhibit a frequency maximum under alternating current. At temperatures above 10 K, the maximum shifts to a higher frequency, which is characteristic of SMM behavior. It is established that the dependence of ln(τ) on 1/T for the relaxation process is nonlinear, which indicates the presence of Raman relaxation mechanisms, along with the Orbach mechanism

Morphological Evaluation and Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Reparative Potential of the Buccal Fat Pad

Background and Objectives: There are many surgical techniques for oroantral communication treatment, one of which is the buccal fat pad. Of particular interest is the high reparative potential of the buccal fat pad, which may be contributed to by the presence of mesenchymal stem cells. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the reparative potential of BFP cells using morphological and immunohistochemical examination. Materials and Methods: 30 BFP samples were provided by the Clinic of Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery of the Russian University of Medicine (Moscow, Russia) from 28 patients. Morphological examination of 30 BFP samples was performed at the Institute of Clinical Morphology and Digital Pathology of Sechenov University. Hematoxylin–eosin, Masson trichrome staining and immunohistochemical examination were performed to detect MSCs using primary antibodies CD133, CD44 and CD10. Results: During staining with hematoxylin–eosin and Masson’s trichrome, we detected adipocytes of white adipose tissue united into lobules separated by connective tissue layers, a large number of vessels of different calibers, as well as the general capsule of BFP. The thin connective tissue layers contained neurovascular bundles. Statistical processing of the results of the IHC examination of the samples using the Mann–Whitney criterion revealed that the total number of samples in which the expression of CD44, CD10 and CD133 antigens was confirmed was statistically significantly higher than the number of samples where the expression was not detected (p Conclusions: During the morphological study of the BFP samples, we revealed statistically significant signs of MSCs presence (p < 0.05), including in the brown fat tissue, which proves the high reparative potential of this type of tissue and can make the BFP a choice option among other autogenous donor materials when eliminating OAC and other surgical interventions in the maxillofacial region

1.86 Ga key paleomagnetic pole from the Murmansk craton intrusions - Eastern Murman Sill Province, NE Fennoscandia: Multidisciplinary approach and paleotectonic applications

We present the first 1.86 Ga paleomagnetic key pole of Fennoscandia obtained for the dolerite sills of the Murmansk craton – Eastern Murman Sill Province, that outcrop in the northern part of the Kola Peninsula along the Barents Sea coast for a distance of 200 km (Slat = 68.5°; Slong = 37.9°; N = 16 sites; Plat = 54.7°; Plong = 234.7°; dp/dm = 4.3°/6.3°, Qv = 5). The age of the sills and their characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) was determined by four independent geochronometers: U-Pb – 1860 ± 4 and 1863 ± 7 Ma (ID-TIMS, baddeleyite), Sm-Nd – 1889 ± 57 Ma, Rb-Sr – 1850 Ma, Ar/Ar – 1865 ± 8 and 1857 ± 20 Ma (biotite). The primary nature of the ChRM is confirmed by the results of petrographic, geochemical, paleo- and rock magnetic studies, as well as by thermochronological data. The similarity of the petrographic and geochemical characteristics of sills from different localities indicates that these dolerite sills were formed during a single magmatic event and their cooling down to 580 °C occurred at depths of about 10 ± 2 km and lasted ∼2800 years or even faster. Paleogeographic reconstruction of Fennoscandia on the basis of the obtained paleomagnetic pole is in general agreement with the previously suggested configuration of core of the Nuna/Columbia supercontinent (Evans and Mitchell, 2011; Meert and Santosh, 2017). A new reliable Thellier-Coe paleointensity determination for this time reveals a rather low mean VDM = 1.8 (±0.1) × 1022 Am2 that supports the Proterozoic dipole low hypothesis (Biggin et al., 2009)

Venous thromboembolism risk and prophylaxis in hospitalised medically ill patients The ENDORSE Global Survey

Limited data are available regarding the risk for venous thromboembolism (VIE) and VIE prophylaxis use in hospitalised medically ill patients. We analysed data from the global ENDORSE survey to evaluate VTE risk and prophylaxis use in this population according to diagnosis, baseline characteristics, and country. Data on patient characteristics, VIE risk, and prophylaxis use were abstracted from hospital charts. VTE risk and prophylaxis use were evaluated according to the 2004 American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) guidelines. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify factors associated with use of ACCP-recommended prophylaxis. Data were evaluated for 37,356 hospitalised medical patients across 32 countries. VIE risk varied according to medical diagnosis, from 31.2% of patients with gastrointestinal/hepatobiliary diseases to 100% of patients with acute heart failure, active noninfectious respiratory disease, or pulmonary infection (global rate, 41.5%). Among those at risk for VTE, ACCP-recommended prophylaxis was used in 24.4% haemorrhagic stroke patients and 40-45% of cardiopulmonary disease patients (global rate, 39.5%). Large differences in prophylaxis use were observed among countries. Markers of disease severity, including central venous catheters, mechanical ventilation, and admission to intensive care units, were strongly associated with use of ACCP-recommended prophylaxis. In conclusion, VIE risk varies according to medical diagnosis. Less than 40% of at-risk hospitalised medical patients receive ACCP-recommended prophylaxis. Prophylaxis use appears to be associated with disease severity rather than medical diagnosis. These data support the necessity to improve implementation of available guidelines for evaluating VIE risk and providing prophylaxis to hospitalised medical patients

Venous Thromboembolism Risk and Prophylaxis in the Acute Care Hospital Setting (ENDORSE Survey) Findings in Surgical Patients

Objective: To evaluate venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk in patients who underwent a major operation, including the use of, and factors influencing, American College of Chest Physicians-recommended types of VTE prophylaxis