A list of land plants of Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Brazil, highlights the presence of sampling gaps within this protected area

Brazilian protected areas are essential for plant conservation in the Atlantic Forest domain, one of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots. A major challenge for improving conservation actions is to know the plant richness, protected by these areas. Online databases offer an accessible way to build plant species lists and to provide relevant information about biodiversity. A list of land plants of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó” (PNC) was previously built using online databases and published on the website "Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil." Here, we provide and discuss additional information about plant species richness, endemism and conservation in the PNC that could not be included in the List. We documented 1,791 species of land plants as occurring in PNC, of which 63 are cited as threatened (CR, EN or VU) by the Brazilian National Red List, seven as data deficient (DD) and five as priorities for conservation. Fifity-one species were possible new ocurrences for ES and MG states

Lobelia hilaireana Wimmer 1935

6. Lobelia hilaireana (Kanitz) Wimmer (1935: 106) ≡ Haynaldia hilaireana Kanitz (1878: 143) ≡ Dortmanna hilaireana (Kanitz) Kuntze (1891: 972). Type:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais, 1816 to 1821, Saint-Hilaire c1-54 (lectotype, designated here: P! [00714442], isolectotypes: P! [00714443], P! [00714444]). Notes: — Kanitz (1878) referred in the protologue to a collection of Saint-Hillaire, without indication of the collection number. We found three duplicates from the collection c1-54 of Saint-Hillaire at P, with labels in Kanitz’s hand, suggesting that they were analyzed by him for the description of the species. The specimen number [P00714442] best fits the original description, and is the most complete among the three, containing a leaf at the base of the stem, leaf at the apex, bracts, and an inflorescence, and is thus designated here as the lectotype.Published as part of Rollim, Isis De Mello, Coelho, Guilherme Peres, Miotto, Silvia Teresinha Sfoggia, Iganci, João Ricardo Vieira & Oliveira, Marcelo Trovó Lopes De, 2022, Nomenclatural and taxonomic survey of the South American clade of Lobelia section Rhynchopetalum (Campanulaceae), pp. 45-54 in Phytotaxa 539 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.539.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/634592

Lobelia santos-limae Brade 1946

9. Lobelia santos-limae Brade (1946: 46). Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: “ Santa Magdalena, Alto do Desengano, 2100 m s. n. do mar”, 5 March 1934, A.C. Brade & J. Santos Lima 13251 (holotype: RB! [RB00537993], isotype: B! [B100242645]). Notes: — Lobelia santos-limae was described based on the specimen Brade 13251, collected by the author and his collaborator Joaquim Santos Lima, honored in the species protologue. The specimen housed at RB is indicated by Brade (1946) as the holotype.Published as part of Rollim, Isis De Mello, Coelho, Guilherme Peres, Miotto, Silvia Teresinha Sfoggia, Iganci, João Ricardo Vieira & Oliveira, Marcelo Trovó Lopes De, 2022, Nomenclatural and taxonomic survey of the South American clade of Lobelia section Rhynchopetalum (Campanulaceae), pp. 45-54 in Phytotaxa 539 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.539.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/634592

Lobelia glazioviana , Zahlbruckner 1896

4. Lobelia glazioviana Zahlbruckner (1896: 69). Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro, 1876, Glaziou 8148 (lectotype, designated here: W! [15784], isolectotypes: BR! [0000006955465], G! [00237840], K! [K000494311], P! [02870858], P! [02870859], P! [02870860], US! [483617]). = Lobelia zahlbruckneri Wimmer (1924: 387). Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro, 1876, Glaziou 8148 (holotype: G! [00237840]). Notes: — In the protologue of Lobelia glazioviana, Zahlbruckner (1896) referred to the specimen Glaziou 8148, collected in Rio de Janeiro and with duplicates in several herbaria. Most duplicates of this collection have “ prope Rio de Janeiro ” as their locality, but the specimens [P02870858] and [P02870859] are from “ São Paulo, Campos da Bocaina”. This divergence in locality for the same set of specimens must be due to the fact that they all were collected in the Serra da Bocaina, a region covering both states mentioned in the labels. We indicate the specimen W15784 as a lectotype since it was collected in Rio de Janeiro, as described in the protologue, and W was the herbarium where the author carried out most of his research. Wimmer (1924) dedicated Lobelia zahlbruckneri to Austrian botanist Zahlbruckner, based only on the specimen Glaziou 8148 (Hb. Del.). The specimen is housed at G and stamped “Hb. Delessert” on its label. It is thus interpreted as the holotype of L. zahlbruckneri. The name is unfortunately based on a specimen of the type collection of a previously described species, and thus being taxonomically superfluous. Later, Wimmer (1953) noticed his mistake and proposed the synonymization of L. zahlbruckneri under L. glazioviana.Published as part of Rollim, Isis De Mello, Coelho, Guilherme Peres, Miotto, Silvia Teresinha Sfoggia, Iganci, João Ricardo Vieira & Oliveira, Marcelo Trovó Lopes De, 2022, Nomenclatural and taxonomic survey of the South American clade of Lobelia section Rhynchopetalum (Campanulaceae), pp. 45-54 in Phytotaxa 539 (1) on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.539.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/634592

Lobelia fistulosa Vellozo 1831

3. Lobelia fistulosa Vellozo (1831: 157) ≡ Dortmanna fistulosa (Vell.) Kuntze (1891: 972). Lectotype (designated here):—[icon ined.] “Syng. Monog.: LOBELIA fistulosa Tab. 157” (Manuscript Sect. of Torre do Tombo, Lisbon [PT/TT/MSLIV/2778], and later published by Vellozo (Fl. Flumin. Icon. 8: t. 157. 1831). = Lobelia uranocoma Chamisso (1833: 321) ≡ Rapuntium uranocomum (Cham.) Presl (1836: 24) ≡ Haynaldia uranocoma Kanitz (1878: 142) ≡ Dortmanna uranocoma (Cham.) Kuntze (1891: 973). Type:— BRAZIL. s.d., Sellow s.n. (lectotype, designated here: M! in two sheets [0185353, 0185354]). = Haynaldia organensis var. insignis Kanitz (1878: 143), syn. nov. Type:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Caldas, Jan 1885, Lindberg 610 (holotype: BR! [BR0000006955168]). Notes:— Lobelia fistulosa was validly published by Vellozo (1831) as a single analytical plate in his Flora Fluminensis, with the full description published only fifty years later (Vellozo 1881). Since Vellozo’s original collection has disappeared (Bocage 1862, Hamy 1908, Carauta 1973), the only original material eligible for a lectotype selection are the original iconographs. We selected the original plate kept at the manuscript section of the Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo in Lisbon as its lectotype. Along with another original plate kept at Biblioteca Nacional in Rio de Janeiro, it is the only available material while Vellozo was still alive. It is also slightly more detailed than the plate kept at the Biblioteca Nacional in Rio de Janeiro and its published version of 1831. Vellozo’s plate (Vellozo 1831, v. 8: t. 157) perfectly details the growth form, leaf, bracts and flower morphology characteristic of L. fistulosa. The main character allowing for the recognition of the species in the illustration is its large, erect, and conspicuous lanceolate bracts covering the pedicels. The locality description provided by Vellozo (1881), “habitat medit. Loca humentia ad ripas rivulorum”, corresponds to the municipality of Cunha, state of São Paulo (Pastore et al. 2021). Lobelia uranocoma was described by Chamisso (1833) based on a specimen housed at B and collected by Sellow in Brazil. That specimen was unfortunately lost during the World War II, but a photo available from the Field Museum negatives collection shows a specimen with a label by Chamisso containing the species identification, along with details of the species protologue, collector, and the location in “Brasilia”. Our search for duplicates of this collection led to two sheets housed at M, identified as L. uranocoma and collected by Sellow in Brazil. The specimen M0185354, composed only of some leaves and a basal part of the stem, bears an original loan label from B in Chamisso’s handwriting. The specimen M0185353, composed of an inflorescence and distal part of the stem, bears an M label with the same information copied in someone else’s hand. In accordance with Art. 8.2 of ICN (McNeill 2014), the most parsimonious interpretation of both sheets with the Chamisso analysis is that they represent a single collection sent by B to M. Haynaldia organensis var. insignis was described by Kanitz (1878) in his revision for Flora Brasiliensis. It was based on Lindberg 610, a specimen with no flowers or leaves, thus being the reason, as argued by Kanitz (1878), to describe the taxon as a variety and not as a separate species. The species is currently considered in the synonymy to Lobelia organensis (Rollim et al. 2020). However, analyzing the specimen Lindberg 610, we noticed that its seeds are widely winged, surpassing the seminiferous nucleus, while the seeds of L. organensis have wings proportional to the seminiferous nucleus. Such much larger seeds are more typical of the seeds of L. fistulosa, a species with the sympatric distribution to the specimen collected by Lindberg. The variety H. organensis var. insignis is thus placed here as a synonym of L. fistulosa.Published as part of Rollim, Isis De Mello, Coelho, Guilherme Peres, Miotto, Silvia Teresinha Sfoggia, Iganci, João Ricardo Vieira & Oliveira, Marcelo Trovó Lopes De, 2022, Nomenclatural and taxonomic survey of the South American clade of Lobelia section Rhynchopetalum (Campanulaceae), pp. 45-54 in Phytotaxa 539 (1) on pages 49-50, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.539.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/634592

Lobelia (sect. Rhynchopetalum) Bentham 1876

Key to the species of South American clade of Lobelia sect. Rhynchopetalum 1. Corolla shorter than 2.8 cm long, unilabiate, in shades of white or greenish...................................................................................2. – Corolla longer than 3 cm long, sub-bilabiate, frequently in shades of purple or pink......................................................................3. 2. Stem and leaves glabrescent; bracts deflexed; seeds winged, wing in equal size to the seminiferous nucleus...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Lobelia exaltata – Stem and leaves densely tomentose; bracts erect; seeds not or slightly winged, wing when present narrower than the seminiferous nucleus....................................................................................................................................................................... Lobelia hassleri 3. Leaf blade ovate to suborbicular, margin crenulate to serrate; bracts ovate to suborbicular; seeds not winged............................................................................................................................................................................................................. Lobelia santos-limae – Leaf blade linear, lanceolate or oblong, margin entire, denticulate or dentate; bracts linear to lanceolate; seeds winged...............4. 4. Leaves, bracts and fruits pubescents or puberulous..........................................................................................................................5. – Leaves, bracts and fruits glabrous.....................................................................................................................................................7. 5. Leaf blade tomentose on both surfaces; seeds slightly winged, wing narrower than the seminiferous nucleus................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Lobelia thapsoidea – Leaf blade tomentose only on the abaxial surface; seeds pronouncedly winged, wing equal size to the seminiferous nucleus....................................................................................................................................................................................................................6. 6. Stem glabrous; leaves with yellowish tomentum, leaf margin entire to denticulate, unhardened teeth; hypanthium campanulate.................................................................................................................................................................................. Lobelia brasiliensis – Stem pubescent; leaves with whitish tomentum, leaf margin dentate, hardened teeth; hypanthium semi-globose........................................................................................................................................................................................................... Lobelia organensis 7. Leaf margin double serrate, teeth longer than 1 mm long; secondary veins arranged in 31–38 pairs................ Lobelia glazioviana – Leaf margin denticulate to dentate, teeth shorter than 0.5 mm long; secondary veins arranged in 9–27 pairs.................................8. 8. Bracts conspicuous, erect, frequently covering the pedicels; wing of seeds wider than the seminiferous nucleus............................................................................................................................................................................................................... Lobelia fistulosa – Bracts inconspicuous, deflexed, not covering the pedicels; wing of seeds narrower than the seminiferous nucleus.......................9. 9. Latex yellowish; inflorescence congest; bracteoles up to 1 mm long, margin entire............................................ Lobelia hilaireana – Latex white; inflorescence lax; bracteoles conspicuous, up to 10 mm long, margin ciliate................................... Lobelia langeanaPublished as part of Rollim, Isis De Mello, Coelho, Guilherme Peres, Miotto, Silvia Teresinha Sfoggia, Iganci, João Ricardo Vieira & Oliveira, Marcelo Trovó Lopes De, 2022, Nomenclatural and taxonomic survey of the South American clade of Lobelia section Rhynchopetalum (Campanulaceae), pp. 45-54 in Phytotaxa 539 (1) on pages 48-49, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.539.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/634592

Lobelia langeana Dusen 1910

7. Lobelia langeana Dusén (1910: 18). Type:— BRAZIL. Paraná: “Brasilienses e civitate Paraná collectae, Serra do Mar, Ypiranga ad marginem viae ferr.”, 21 Februario 1904, P. Dusén 3329 (lectotype, designated here: S! [S05-1990], isolectotypes: MO! [MO1291435], NY! [00547161], R! [98315]). Notes:— Dusén (1910) described Lobelia langeana based on the specimen Dusén 3329, nowadays found in the herbaria MO, NY, R, and S. We designate here the specimen S05-1990 as the lectotype, as it perfectly matches the species description and is housed at the institution where the author carried out most of his research. Furthermore, this specimen contains fragments of opened flowers, suggesting that the author used this sample to describe the species.Published as part of Rollim, Isis De Mello, Coelho, Guilherme Peres, Miotto, Silvia Teresinha Sfoggia, Iganci, João Ricardo Vieira & Oliveira, Marcelo Trovó Lopes De, 2022, Nomenclatural and taxonomic survey of the South American clade of Lobelia section Rhynchopetalum (Campanulaceae), pp. 45-54 in Phytotaxa 539 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.539.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/634592

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora