Physiological and Behavioral Changes of Water Buffalo in Hot and Cold Systems: Review

This review's objective is to provide information on the mechanisms that buffaloes express during the thermoregulation process. Generally, the water buffalo is associated with warm and tropical climates. In these systems, the combination of high temperature, relative humidity, and radiation cause different physiological and behavioral changes, particularly during the summer months. Wallowing behavior in water or mud promotes heat dissipation through physical mechanisms, such as conduction, convection, and radiation. Furthermore, the provision of natural or artificial shades contributes to thermoregulation and maintains homeostasis. In production systems in cold climates, the wallowing behavior is inhibited by the water temperature, so it is important to keep the animals protected in stables to avoid the cold winds and rapid drops in temperature, causing increased illness pneumonia and sometimes death. Finally, in cold conditions, the animals require an appropriate diet since the use of energy is distributed mainly for the production of heat. Thus, heat stress and cold stress generates relevant problems in health, welfare, and productivity in water buffaloes. A comprehensive assessment of the severity of the resulting problems associated with thermal stress and specialty in cold stress in water buffaloes is necessary so far, and there's very little information about it in this species

Short and long term outcome of bilateral pallidal stimulation in chorea-acanthocytosis

BACKGROUND: Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) is a neuroacanthocytosis syndrome presenting with severe movement disorders poorly responsive to drug therapy. Case reports suggest that bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventro-postero-lateral internal globus pallidus (GPi) may benefit these patients. To explore this issue, the present multicentre (n=12) retrospective study collected the short and long term outcome of 15 patients who underwent DBS. METHODS: Data were collected in a standardized way 2-6 months preoperatively, 1-5 months (early) and 6 months or more (late) after surgery at the last follow-up visit (mean follow-up: 29.5 months). RESULTS: Motor severity, assessed by the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale-Motor Score, UHDRS-MS), was significantly reduced at both early and late post-surgery time points (mean improvement 54.3% and 44.1%, respectively). Functional capacity (UHDRS-Functional Capacity Score) was also significantly improved at both post-surgery time points (mean 75.5% and 73.3%, respectively), whereas incapacity (UHDRS-Independence Score) improvement reached significance at early post-surgery only (mean 37.3%). Long term significant improvement of motor symptom severity (≥ 20 % from baseline) was observed in 61.5 % of the patients. Chorea and dystonia improved, whereas effects on dysarthria and swallowing were variable. Parkinsonism did not improve. Linear regression analysis showed that preoperative motor severity predicted motor improvement at both post-surgery time points. The most serious adverse event was device infection and cerebral abscess, and one patient died suddenly of unclear cause, 4 years after surgery. CONCLUSION: This study shows that bilateral DBS of the GPi effectively reduces the severity of drug-resistant hyperkinetic movement disorders such as present in ChAc

Effects of transport on the metabolism of horses

This study assessed the effect of the duration of the transport period on the acid-base equilibrium, energy profile and blood gases of 146 creole equines (CE), 66 of them females and 80 males. Animals, were divided into three treatment groups according to three different transport periods: 52 CEs were not transported and their data were considered as the baseline level (GB); while 49 were transported for two hours (h) (T2), and the other 45 for 11 h (T11). A marked hemodynamic profile decrease (P < 0.05) in blood pH from group T11 (7.23 ± 0.01) and gave rise to a condition of acidemia. Also, a significant increase (P<0.05) was observed in the concentrations of pCO2, glucose and lactate, as well as in the percentage of hematocrit in group T2 compared to group T11. The conclusion reached on the basis of these results was that transport periods greater than 2 h cause hyperglycemia, hypercalcemia, hyperlactatemia, hyperpotasemia, metabolic acidosis and a more severe degree of dehydration in creole [email protected] presente estudio evaluó el efecto de la duración del transporte sobre el equilibrio ácido-base, perfil energético y gasometría sanguínea de 146 equinos criollos (EC): 66 hembras y 80 machos. Los animales fueron distribuidos en tres tratamientos de acuerdo al periodo de transporte: 52 EC no fueron transportados y sus mediciones fueron consideradas como niveles basales (GB), 49 EC fueron transportados durante 2 horas (h) (T2) y 45 EC fueron transportados durante 11 h (T11). Se observó una disminución significativa (P < 0,05) en el pH sanguíneo, siendo esto más evidente en el grupo T11 (7,23 ± 0,01) originando un estado de acidemia. Asimismo, se observó un incremento significativo (P < 0,05) en las concentraciones de pCO2, glucosa, lactato y porcentaje de hematocrito en el grupo T2 comparado con el grupo T11. En base a los resultados obtenidos se concluye que, periodos de transporte mayores a 2 h originan hiperglucemia, hipercalcemia, hiperlactatemia, hiperpotasemia, acidosis metabólica y un mayor grado de deshidratación en equinos criollos

Effect of the sacrifice method on critical blood variables and biochemistry consequences of the guinea pig meat (Cavia porcellus)

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto del método de aturdimiento, sobre las variables críticas sanguíneas y su repercusión en las características físico-químicas de la carne de cobayo (Cavia porcellus). Ochenta cobayos de la raza Dunkin-Hartley fueron distribuidos en cuatro grupos experimentales: los cobayos de los grupos G1 (Hembras) y G2 (Machos) fueron aturdidos mediante desnucamiento, y los grupos G3 (Hembras) y G4 (Machos) por insensibilización eléctrica. Durante el desangrado se midieron variables críticas sanguíneas para determinar cambios metabólicos, desequilibrio ácido- base e intercambio gaseoso sanguíneo (pH, pCO2, pO2, electrolitos, glucosa, lactato, hematocrito, tco2, HCO3 –, BE(B) SO2c y thbc). Una vez refrigeradas las canales por 24 h a 2°C, fueron evaluadas las características fisico-químicas (pH, retención de agua, color y textura). Los machos aturdidos por insensibilización eléctrica presentaron una tendencia hacia la acidez (G2: 7,47 ± 0,03 vs. G4: 7,32 ± 0,03) (P<0,05). La pCO2, fué diferente (P<0,05), entre grupos (G2: 35,00 ± 4,69 vs. G4: 54,00 ± 5,04; G1: 34,00 ± 3,55 vs. G3: 53,00 ± 16,68) observando valores más elevados para los aturdidos eléctricamente. En el lactato se encontraron diferencias estadísticas (P<0,05) entre G1: 18,00 ± 11,40 vs. G3: 62,40 ± 12,03 y G2: 27,50 ± 5,80 vs. G4: 76,20 ± 18,79, resultando valores más elevados para los aturdidos con el método eléctrico. El pH de la carne fue menor (P<0,05) para machos desnucados (G1: 6,12 ± 0,09 vs. G2: 5,95 ± 0,01). Para la retención de agua se aprecia un efecto combinado del sexo y método de aturdimiento (P<0,05) entre G1: 14,20 ± 0,57, G2: 13,75 ± 0,55 vs. G4: 11,35 ± 1,50.51 - [email protected]@yahoo.com.mx.BimestralThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of stunning method on critical blood variables and their repercussions in four experimental groups on the physical-chemical characteristics of guinea pig meat (Cavia porcellus). Eighty Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs distributed in four experimental groups were used. Those in groups 1 and 2 (G1 y G2) were stunned using the dislocation method, while those in groups 3 and 4 (G3 y G4) were subjected to electrical insensibilization (80 volts/5 s). During bleeding, the critical blood variables were measured to evaluate metabolic changes, the acid-base imbalance, and blood gas exchanges (pH, pCO2, pO2, Na+, K+ and Ca2+, glucosa, lactato, hematocrito, tco2, HCO3 –, BE(B) SO2c and thbc). After refrigerating the meat for 24 h at 2°C, its physical-chemical characteristics were evaluated (pH, water retención capacity, colour and texture). The males stunned by electrical insensibilization presented a tendency towards acidity. The values registered for the pH variable in males and females in the groups (G2: M = 7.47 ± 0.3 vs. G3: F = 7.37 ± 0.07) were significantly different (P<0.05). With respect to the variable pCO2, significant differences were found (P<0.05) between groups (G2: M = 35.00 ± 4.69 vs. G4: M = 54.00 ± 5.04; G1: F = 34.00 ± 3.55 vs. G3: F = 53.00 ± 16.68) with higher values registered in the animals stunned by electrical insensibilization, G3 and G4, than those stunned by dislocation, G1 and G2. With respect to lactate, statistical differences were found (P<0.05) in the variables in groups G1: F = 18.00 ± 11.40 vs. G3: F= 62.40 ± 12.03 and G2: M = 27.50 ± 5.80 vs. G4: M = 76.20 ± 18.79, which resulted in higher values for the animals stunned with electric current, G3 and G4, than those who were dislocated, G1 and G2. In terms of the pH variable of the meat, significant differences were found (P<0.05) by sex in the pigs that were dislocated (G1: F = 6.12 ± 0.09 vs. G2: M = 5.95 ± 0.01). Also significant differences were seen in the pH of the meat of the animals in G2: M vs. G3: F, due to effects of gender and stunning method. Turning to the variable of water retention, significant differences were found (P<0.05) between G1: F = 14.20 ± 0.57, G2: M = 13.75 ± 0.55 vs. G4: M = 11.35 ± 1.50, where a combined effect of sex and stunning method was observed

Physiological response to hypoxia in piglets of different birth weight

In the present study, we aimed to extend the characterization of the proposed naturalistic experimental model of piglets born with hypoxia by assessing the relationship between birth weight, intra partum asphyxia and gross indicators of neurophysiological alterations in newborn piglets. Three groups of 50 piglets each were classified according to their birth weight into normal (1000-1350 g), low (below 1000 g), and high (over 1350 g). In comparison to piglets within normal weight, those born with high birth weights showed acid-base imbalance as reflected by lower pH levels (7.03±0.01), hypercapnia (88.50±13.20 mmHg), and lactic acidosis (lactate levels: 89.40±26.30). These piglets had lower viability scores (5.40±0.60) and longer periods of time to contact the udder (52.30±8.30) than piglets with normal birth weight. In conclusion, data show that piglets with birth weight over 1350 g are at a higher risk of gross neurophysiological deficits, probably secondary to neonatal hypoxia

Dairy science & technology

Background: Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) is a neuroacanthocytosis syndrome presenting with severe movement disorders poorly responsive to drug therapy. Case reports suggest that bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventro-postero-lateral internal globus pallidus (GPi) may benefit these patients. To explore this issue, the present multicentre (n=12) retrospective study collected the short and long term outcome of 15 patients who underwent DBS. Methods: Data were collected in a standardized way 2-6 months preoperatively, 1-5 months (early) and 6 months or more (late) after surgery at the last follow-up visit (mean follow-up: 29.5 months). Results: Motor severity, assessed by the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale-Motor Score, UHDRS-MS), was significantly reduced at both early and late post-surgery time points (mean improvement 54.3% and 44.1%, respectively). Functional capacity (UHDRS-Functional Capacity Score) was also significantly improved at both post-surgery time points (mean 75.5% and 73.3%, respectively), whereas incapacity (UHDRS-Independence Score) improvement reached significance at early post-surgery only (mean 37.3%). Long term significant improvement of motor symptom severity (>= 20 % from baseline) was observed in 61.5 % of the patients. Chorea and dystonia improved, whereas effects on dysarthria and swallowing were variable. Parkinsonism did not improve. Linear regression analysis showed that preoperative motor severity predicted motor improvement at both post-surgery time points. The most serious adverse event was device infection and cerebral abscess, and one patient died suddenly of unclear cause, 4 years after surgery. Conclusion: This study shows that bilateral DBS of the GPi effectively reduces the severity of drug-resistant hyperkinetic movement disorders such as present in ChAc

Short and long term outcome of bilateral pallidal stimulation in chorea-acanthocytosis

BACKGROUND: Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) is a neuroacanthocytosis syndrome presenting with severe movement disorders poorly responsive to drug therapy. Case reports suggest that bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventro-postero-lateral internal globus pallidus (GPi) may benefit these patients. To explore this issue, the present multicentre (n=12) retrospective study collected the short and long term outcome of 15 patients who underwent DBS. METHODS: Data were collected in a standardized way 2-6 months preoperatively, 1-5 months (early) and 6 months or more (late) after surgery at the last follow-up visit (mean follow-up: 29.5 months). RESULTS: Motor severity, assessed by the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale-Motor Score, UHDRS-MS), was significantly reduced at both early and late post-surgery time points (mean improvement 54.3% and 44.1%, respectively). Functional capacity (UHDRS-Functional Capacity Score) was also significantly improved at both post-surgery time points (mean 75.5% and 73.3%, respectively), whereas incapacity (UHDRS-Independence Score) improvement reached significance at early post-surgery only (mean 37.3%). Long term significant improvement of motor symptom severity (≥ 20 % from baseline) was observed in 61.5 % of the patients. Chorea and dystonia improved, whereas effects on dysarthria and swallowing were variable. Parkinsonism did not improve. Linear regression analysis showed that preoperative motor severity predicted motor improvement at both post-surgery time points. The most serious adverse event was device infection and cerebral abscess, and one patient died suddenly of unclear cause, 4 years after surgery. CONCLUSION: This study shows that bilateral DBS of the GPi effectively reduces the severity of drug-resistant hyperkinetic movement disorders such as present in ChAc

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0–4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2–6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates