44 research outputs found

    The World Bank's Participatory Development Approach in the Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) Paper for the Republic of Senegal: Rhetoric or Reality?

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    The aim of this thesis is to study the World Bank's participatory development process in the 2007 Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) for the Republic of Senegal. I seek to shed light on the question of whether or not the Bank is willing to follow through its participatory commitment. Participatory development refers to the process of developing strategies which incorporate beneficiaries of development in theirs own development. Over the two last decades, practitioners of economic development initiatives have implemented development programs which embrace the participatory approach to put developing countries in the path of development. In this thesis, I undertake an examination of the participatory process through the lens of the 2007 Senegalese' CAS, which is a World Bank' strategy to help borrowing countries meet their key development challenges by incorporating Civil Societies Organizations (CSOs) in the process of the formulation and implementation. I looked at the evolution of economic development thinking since the 1950s to present decade to show how participatory development has been adopted as part of the development agenda in the development community. Going beyond the discourse about the effectiveness of participatory development, I examine the critiques of the process as analyzed by critics of the World Bank, and then broadly examine how the participatory process is perceived by main stakeholders in Senegal. I argue that, in the case of Senegal, the Bank is prompted to put participation in practice the CAS drafting but the process does not fully reach out all stakeholders such as the marginalized groups and some NGOs. Evidences suggest that the Bank consult widely with the Senegalese government as evidence of participation, however large number of stakeholders are not active participants with decision-making power in the participatory development process

    Genetic contribution of breast cancer genes in women of black African origin

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    Breast cancer (BC) is an increasing public health issue worldwide. BC incidence and mortality rates are rising in transitioning countries in Africa, with the most rapid increase occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Female BC represents 25.8% of all cancer diagnosis in SSA. Early age at onset, high grade and triple negative tumors are hallmarks of BC in this region, associated with germline pathogenic variants in susceptibility genes. While several genes have been associated with genetic predisposition (BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, TP53, PTEN, CDH1, STK11, ATM, CHEK2, NBN, BARD1, BRIP1, RAD50, RAD51C, RAD51D, … ), most studies have reported contribution of BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variants. Genetic contribution of BRCA genes has been estimated at 27% in Caucasian women. Available data from population of African origin are scarce and have mainly focused on pathogenic variants of BRCA1 and BRCA2. Reports from main studies on large sample size highlighted that BRCA1 still the major gene associated with BC in SSA. In addition, BRCA2, PALB2, and P53, are also on the top major genes with high penetrance, associated with BC. Mutation spectrum of BC genes in black African women seems to be different from Caucasian with increasing number of founder mutations identified. We hypothesis that the genetic contribution of known BC genes may be different between women of black African origin compared to Caucasians. In this review we explore the genetic contribution of known breast cancer genes in women of African origin, and discuss perspectives for prevention and patients care strategies in the era of precision medicine

    Evaluation de l’activité antioxydante des extraits des feuilles de Aphania senegalensis (Sapindaceae) et de Saba senegalensis (Apocynaceae)

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    Les plantes traditionnelles présentent généralement de nombreuses propriétés thérapeutiques. L’objectif de la présente étude consistait à évaluer l’activité antioxydante des extraits des feuilles de Aphania senegalensis et de Saba senegalensis par spectrophotométrie moléculaire au moyen des méthodes de piégeage des radicaux libres 2,2-diphényl-1-picryl-hydrazyle (DPPH•) et acide 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-éthylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonique) (ABTS+•). Une extraction éthanolique des feuilles de ces deux plantes a été effectuée au Soxhlet. Les deux extraits secs, redissouts dans de l’eau, ont été fractionnés en utilisant successivement l’hexane, le dichlorométhane et l’acétate d’éthyle. Les propriétés antioxydantes des extraits et celles de leurs différentes fractions ont été évaluées à différentes concentrations : 5, 10, 25 et 150 μg/ml. Les pourcentages d’inhibition (PI) expriment l’effet antioxydant mesuré. Une activité de piégeage des deux radicaux libres a été associée aux deux extraits et à l’ensemble des fractions. Pour les tests d’inhibition de l’absorbance du radical DPPH•, les PI ont varié de (22,20±0,03)% à (91,30±0,08)%. Avec le radical ABTS+•, les PI ont varié de (54,37±0,02)% à (99,13±0,01)%. Les extraits éthanoliques des feuilles de Aphania senegalensis et de Saba senegalensis et leurs différentes fractions présentent ainsi un pouvoir antioxydant.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Plante médicinale, ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid)), DPPH (2,2- diphényl-1-picryl-hydrazyle), spectrophotométrie moléculaireEnglish Title: Antioxidant activity of leaves extracts of Aphania senegalensis (Sapindaceae) and Saba senegalensis (Apocynaceae)English AbstractSeveral therapeutic properties are often associated with traditional plants. The antioxidant properties of Aphania senegalensis and Saba senegalensis leaf extracts were evaluated by molecular spectrophotometry and using two radical scavenging methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and 2,2’-azino bis(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. The leaves of each plant were extracted with ethanol  using a Soxhlet extractor apparatus. The two dry ethanolic extracts were dissolved in water then fractionated using successively hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. The antioxidant activities of the extracts and their different fractions were determined at various concentrations: 5, 10, 25 and 150 μg/ml. The antioxidant capacity was expressed as percent inhibition (PI). The extracts and their different fractions scavenged DPPH• and ABTS+• free radicals. The DPPH assay showed PI varying from 22.20±0.03% to 91.30±0.08%. With the ABTS+• radical, the PI varied from 54.37±0.02% to 99.13±0.01%. The ethanolic extracts of Aphania senegalensis and Saba senegalensis as well as their fractions showed antioxidant capacities.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Medicinal plant, ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid)), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), molecular spectrophotometr

    Gene expression profiling in blood from cerebral malaria patients and mild malaria patients living in Senegal

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    International audienceBACKGROUND:Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a major health problem in Africa. The mechanisms of pathogenesis are not fully understood. Transcriptomic studies may provide new insights into molecular pathways involved in the severe form of the disease.METHODS:Blood transcriptional levels were assessed in patients with cerebral malaria, non-cerebral malaria, or mild malaria by using microarray technology to look for gene expression profiles associated with clinical status. Multi-way ANOVA was used to extract differentially expressed genes. Network and pathways analyses were used to detect enrichment for biological pathways.RESULTS:We identified a set of 443 genes that were differentially expressed in the three patient groups after applying a false discovery rate of 10%. Since the cerebral patients displayed a particular transcriptional pattern, we focused our analysis on the differences between cerebral malaria patients and mild malaria patients. We further found 842 differentially expressed genes after applying a false discovery rate of 10%. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of cerebral malaria-informative genes led to clustering of the cerebral malaria patients. The support vector machine method allowed us to correctly classify five out of six cerebral malaria patients and six of six mild malaria patients. Furthermore, the products of the differentially expressed genes were mapped onto a human protein-protein network. This led to the identification of the proteins with the highest number of interactions, including GSK3B, RELA, and APP. The enrichment analysis of the gene functional annotation indicates that genes involved in immune signalling pathways play a role in the occurrence of cerebral malaria. These include BCR-, TCR-, TLR-, cytokine-, FcεRI-, and FCGR- signalling pathways and natural killer cell cytotoxicity pathways, which are involved in the activation of immune cells. In addition, our results revealed an enrichment of genes involved in Alzheimer's disease.CONCLUSIONS:In the present study, we examine a set of genes whose expression differed in cerebral malaria patients and mild malaria patients. Moreover, our results provide new insights into the potential effect of the dysregulation of gene expression in immune pathways. Host genetic variation may partly explain such alteration of gene expression. Further studies are required to investigate this in African populations

    Étude in vitro de l’effet antifalcémiant des globules rouges et de l’activité antioxydante d’extraits de la poudre de racines de Maytenus senegalensis Lam (Celestraceae)

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    La drépanocytose est une hémoglobinopathie largement répandue chez les populations africaines noires. Actuellement, très peu de traitements conventionnels existent sur le marché, d’où le recours à la médecine traditionnelle. Maytenus senegalensis est une plante prescrite par les tradipraticiens dans la prise en charge de la drépanocytose. L’activité antifalcémiante des extraits de la poudre de racines de Maytenus senegalensis a été étudiée dans ce travail. Après obtention de l’extrait hexanique par extraction à l’aide d’un Soxhlet, le marc est macéré dans de l’acétate d’éthyle puis dans du méthanol pour donner les extraits correspondants. L’activité des fractions a été évaluée sur des drépanocytes de type SS. Les activités antifalcémiantes les plus importantes ont été observées pour les fractions polaires du méthanol et de l’acétate d’éthyle avec des taux d’inversion de la falciformation respectivement de 77% et de 65% à 10 mg/mL. Les activités antioxydantes de M. senegalensis (CI50 = 0,195 ± 0,004 mg/mL) et de l’acide ascorbique (CI50 = 0,078 ± 0,002 mg/mL) ont été déterminées. Les pouvoirs antioxydants (PA) montrent que l’activité antiradicalaire de l’acide ascorbique (PA = 12,85) est 2,5 fois meilleure que celle de M. senegalensis (PA = 5,14). Les résultats de l’étude justifient l’utilisation traditionnelle des racines de Maytenus senegalensis dans la prise en charge de la drépanocytose.Mots clés : Hémoglobine, drépanocytose, Maytenus senegalensis, activité antifalcémiante, stress oxydant, radicaux libres, activité antioxydante

    Etude physico-chimique et minéralogique comparative des attapulgites de Mbodiène (Sénégal) et de Mormoiron (France)

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    La valorisation des ressources locales constitue un impératif afin d’atteindre des objectifs de développement durable. Cette étude a consisté à évaluer les caractéristiques physiques, chimiques et minéralogiques d’une argile provenant de Mbodiène (Sénégal), l’attapulgite, comparativement avec un médicament antidiarrhéique, constitué d’attapulgite, dénommé Actapulgite®. L’échantillon d’attapulgite brute a été purifié avec une solution de HNO3 1M. Une étude morphologique effectuée par visualisation à la Microscopie Electronique à Balayage a montré pour les deux argiles étudiées, une structure fibreuse caractéristique de la palygorskite, représentant le minéral dominant. L’analyse chimique par la spectrométrie à fluorescence X a donné pour l’attapulgite purifiée : 65,69% Si, 7,89% Al, 5,92% Fe, 17,90% Mg, 0,43% Ca et 0,93% K contre respectivement 63,98 % Si, 12,92% Al, 10,32% Fe, 6,20% Mg, 2,48% Ca et 2,25% K pour l’Actapulgite®. La diffraction aux rayons X a montré une présence de palygorskite, quartz et carbonates dans les échantillons étudiés. L’étude des isothermes d’adsorption a montré une surface spécifique nettement plus élevée pour l’attapulgite purifiée, 138,96 m2.g-1 contre 98,72 m2.g-1 pour l’Actapulgite®. Ces résultats ont montré que l’attapulgite de Mbodiène pourrait être utilisée comme antidiarrhéique orale après lavage à l’eau et séchage.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reservedMots clés: Argile, attapulgite, antidiarrhéique, SénégalEnglish Title: Physico-chemical and mineralogical comparative study of attapulgites Mbodiène (Senegal) and Mormoiron (France)English AbstractThe development of local resources is imperative to achieve sustainable development goals. This study was to assess physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of a clay from Mbodiène (Senegal), named attapulgite, compared with Actapulgite® (antidiarrheal drug), composed of attapulgite. A sample of attapulgite from Mbodiène was purified with a 1M HNO3 solution to remove impurities including carbonates. A morphological study using Scanning Electron Microscopy showed for both types of clay studied, a fibrous structure characteristic of palygorskite which represent major mineral. Chemical analysis by XRF spectrometry gave for purified attapulgite: 65.69% Si, 7.89% Al, 5.92% Fe, 17.90% Mg, 0.43% Ca and 0.93% K against respectively 63.98% Si, 12.92% Al, 10.32% Fe, 6.20% Mg, 2.48% Ca and 2.25% K for Actapulgite®. X-ray diffraction showed the presence of palygorskite, quartz and carbonates for both samples studied. The study of adsorption isotherms showed a significantly higher surface area for purified attapulgite, 138.96 m2.g-1 versus 98.72 m2.g-1 for Actapulgite®. These results have shown that Mbodiène attapulgite compared to Actapulgite®, could be used as an oral antidiarrheal after washing with water and drying.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Clay, attapulgite, antidiarrheal, Senega

    Profil epidemiologique de l’epilepsie chez des patients atteints de troubles du spectre de l’autisme: Etude de 45 cas a Dakar (Senegal)

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    Description: Troubles du spectre de l’autisme (TSA) et Ă©pilepsie peuvent coexister chez une mĂŞme personne constituant des facteurs de mauvais pronostic bilatĂ©raux. Objectif:  DĂ©crire les Ă©lĂ©ments sociodĂ©mographiques de patients atteints de TSA et Ă©tudier les aspects clinico-paracliniques et Ă©volutifs des Ă©pilepsies chez ces patients. Patients et MĂ©thodes:  Etude transversale et descriptive au service pĂ©dopsychiatrique du CHNU Fann, avec analyse des dossiers, via un questionnaire standardisĂ©, de tous les patients suivis entre Janvier 2004 et Septembre 2018 pour TSA avec ou sans Ă©pilepsie. RĂ©sultats:  Quarante-cinq patients avec TSA colligĂ©s, avec une frĂ©quence de l’épilepsie de 37,8%. L’épilepsie avait dĂ©butĂ© avant l’âge de 5 ans dans 94% des cas. Les crises Ă©taient gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©es (58,8%), essentiellement motrices tonico-cloniques (80%), ou focales (35,3%), avec une frĂ©quence de 2 crises/jour Ă  1 crise/semaine. L’EEG de veille et sommeil montrait des anomalies majoritairement frontales dans 60%, et centro-pariĂ©tales dans 26,6% des cas. L’imagerie cĂ©rĂ©brale Ă©tait normale dans 93,9% des cas, et les potentiels Ă©voquĂ©s auditifs (PEA) normaux dans 87,2% des cas. La prise en charge Ă©tait multidisciplinaire pour les TSA (neuropsychologique, psychomotrice, orthophonique) et mĂ©dicale, essentiellement (82,4%) en monothĂ©rapie pour l’épilepsie. Les mĂ©dicaments antiĂ©pileptiques utilisĂ©s Ă©taient le valproate de sodium (58,8%) et le phĂ©nobarbital (17,6). Le niveau d’instruction Ă©tait bas avec 40% de non-scolarisĂ©s et 55,6% au primaire. Seuls 6,7% Ă©taient autonomes et 20 patients nĂ©cessitaient une aide quasi-constante. Conclusion: La prĂ©valence de l’épilepsie chez les patients atteints de TSA varie suivant les Ă©tudes. Une prise en charge globale et multidisciplinaire de l’épilepsie et des TSA amĂ©liore les troubles de comportement.   English Title: Epidemiologic profile of epilepsy in patients with autism spectrum disorders: study of 45 cases in Dakar (Senegal) Description: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and epilepsy can coexist in the same person, which are factors of bilateral poor prognosis. Purpose: To describe the socio-demographic profile of ASD patients and to study the clinical, paraclinical and evolutive aspects of epilepsy among them. Patients and methods: We did a cross-sectional and descriptive study in the department of child psychiatry of Fann university hospital in Dakar. We analyzed patients’ files followed between January 2004 and September 2018 for autism’s spectrum disorders with or without epilepsy. We used a standardized survey with several items. Results: Forty-five patients with ASD were collected, with an epileptic frequency of 37.8%. Epilepsy had started before the age of 5 years in 94% of cases. Seizures were generalized (58.8%), mainly tonico-clonic (80%), or focal (35.3%), with a frequency of 2 seizures per day to 1 seizure per week. The awake and sleep EEG showed abnormalities mostly in frontal area in 60%, and centro-parietal in 26.6%. Brain imaging was normal in 93.9%, and auditory evoked potential (AEP) normal in 87.2%. Management was multidisciplinary for ASD (neuropsychological, psychomotor, speech therapy) and medical, mainly (82.4%) monotherapy for epilepsy. The main molecules were: sodium valproate (58.8%) and phenobarbital (17.6). The level of education was low with 40% of students out of school and 55.6% in primary school. Only 6.7% were self-reliant and 20 patients needed almost constant assistance. Conclusion: The prevalence of epilepsy in patients with ASD varies according to the studies. The global and multidisciplinary management of epilepsy and ASD improves behavioral disorders

    Détermination du débit de filtration glomérulaire au cours de la drépanocytose au Sénégal: Schwartz, Cockcroft et Gault, MDRD, CKD-EPI ou JSCCS ?

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    La dĂ©termination du DĂ©bit de Filtration GlomĂ©rulaire (DFG) est importante chez les drĂ©panocytaires du fait qu’ils constituent un groupe de patients chez lesquels des atteintes rĂ©nales sont frĂ©quemment dĂ©crites notamment l’hyperfiltration glomĂ©rulaire. Dès lors, Ă  une Ă©poque oĂą les calculateurs en ligne proposent simultanĂ©ment diffĂ©rentes formules de dĂ©termination du DFG, il serait important d’évaluer au sein d’une population noire africaine drĂ©panocytaire l’équivalence entre ces formules qui ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es et validĂ©es sur des populations caucasiennes et afro-amĂ©ricaines Ă  DFG normal ou diminuĂ©. Ainsi cette Ă©tude avait pour but d’évaluer l’interchangeabilitĂ© des diffĂ©rentes formules de dĂ©termination du DFG en les appliquant Ă  des drĂ©panocytaires. Des enfants et adultes sĂ©nĂ©galais drĂ©panocytaires homozygotes ont Ă©tĂ© alors recrutĂ©s et leur DFG calculĂ©. La frĂ©quence de l’hyperfiltration glomĂ©rulaire et celle de l’insuffisance rĂ©nale ont Ă©tĂ© calculĂ©es Ă  partir des rĂ©sultats obtenus avec les formules de Schwartz et du CKD-EPI. La concordance des diffĂ©rentes formules a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e avec la mĂ©thode Bland-Altman. Au total 56 adultes et 62 enfants ont Ă©tĂ© inclus dans l’étude. L’insuffisance rĂ©nale a Ă©tĂ© notĂ©e chez 1,78% des adultes et 9,68% des enfants ; l’hyperfiltration glomĂ©rulaire chez 66,10% des adultes et 25,8% des enfants. Par rapport aux formules de rĂ©fĂ©rence (CKD-EPI, Schwartz), tous les biais relevĂ©s Ă©taient significativement diffĂ©rents de zĂ©ro Ă  l’exception de celui de Cockcroftet Gault qui Ă©tait statistiquement nul. Les limites de concordance Ă©taient toutes inacceptablement larges par rapport aux limites attendues Ă  l’exception de celles du CKD-EPI sans ajustement sur la race. Ainsi, la formule de Schwartz n’était pas interchangeable avec celle du JSCCS chez les enfants, tout comme celle du CKD-EPI ne l’était pas non plus avec celles du JSCCS, de Cockcroft, du MDRD ou du CKD-EPI sans ajustement sur la race chez les adultes drĂ©panocytaires.   English title: Determination of glomerular filtration rate in sickle cell disease in Senegal: Schwartz, Cockcroft and Gault, MDRD, CKD-EPI or JSCCS? Determination of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is important in patients living with sickle cell disease (SCD) because they constitute a group of patients where kidney dysfunction is frequently described, in particular glomerular hyperfiltration. Therefore, at a time when online calculators simultaneously propose different formulas to estimate GFR, it would be important to evaluate in a black African population living with SCD the equivalence between these formulas which have been developed and validated on Caucasian and African American populations with normal or decreased GFR. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate interchangeability of different GFR formulas in a group of patients living with SCD. Homozygous Senegalese sickle cell children and adults were then recruited and their GFR computed using Schwartz and JSCCS in children, Cockcroft and Gault, CKD-EPI with and without adjustment for ethnicity, MDRD and JSCCS formulas in adults. The frequency of glomerular hyperfiltration and renal failure was computed based on the results generated using Schwartz and CKD-EPI formulas. The agreement between formulas was assessed with BlandAltman method. A total of 56 adults and 62 children were included in this study. Renal failure was observed in 1.78% of adults and 9.68% of children; glomerular hyperfiltration in 66.10% of adults and 25.8% of children. Compared with reference formulas (CKD-EPI, Schwartz), all biases found were significantly different from zero except for Cockcroft and Gault formula bias, which was statistically zero. The limits of agreement were all unacceptably wide compared with the expected limits with the exception of CKD-EPI without adjustment for ethnicity. Thus, Schwartz formula would not be interchangeable with JSCCS formula in children, nor was the CKD-EPI formula interchangeable with the JSCCS, Cockcroft and Gault, MDRD or CKD-EPI without adjustment for ethnicity formulas in adults living with sickle cell anemia

    NCR3 polymorphism, haematological parameters, and severe malaria in Senegalese patients

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    Background Host factors, including host genetic variation, have been shown to influence the outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Genome-wide linkage studies have mapped mild malaria resistance genes on chromosome 6p21, whereas NCR3-412 polymorphism (rs2736191) lying within this region was found to be associated with mild malaria. Methods Blood samples were taken from 188 Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients (76 mild malaria patients, 85 cerebral malaria patients, and 27 severe non-cerebral malaria patients). NCR3-412 (rs2736191) was analysed by sequencing, and haematological parameters were measured. Finally, their association with clinical phenotypes was assessed. Results We evidenced an association of thrombocytopenia with both cerebral malaria and severe non-cerebral malaria, and of an association of high leukocyte count with cerebral malaria. Additionally, we found no association of NCR3-412 with either cerebral malaria, severe non-cerebral malaria, or severe malaria after grouping cerebral malaria and severe non-cerebral malaria patients. Conclusions Our results suggest that NCR3 genetic variation has no effect, or only a small effect on the occurrence of severe malaria, although it has been strongly associated with mild malaria. We discuss the biological meaning of these results. Besides, we confirmed the association of thrombocytopenia and high leukocyte count with severe malaria phenotypes
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