Correlation sow, piglet and personnel responsible at the design of a farrowing crate for sow

ABSTRACT In housing for sows in a farrowing pen must meet the environmental requirements of the sow, the piglet and personnel responsible. Their daily activities require compliance with thermal, physical and social factors that are closely related to their welfare. Evaluation of 200 models used in the main pig producing countries to define world trends farrowing, their technical and economic arguments that fundamental. Coexistence sow, piglet and human, required to provide a temperature distribution that meets the biological requirements of every living entity and generate comfort, technical argument that explains why traditional farrowing crates that restrict the movement of the sow to protect the piglets are by discontinuing use. This work show the design of a farrowing crate as a commercial alternative to Mexico, which meets the 30 parameters defined, privileges the senses of touch, taste, smell, sight and hearing of the sow as generators of comfort, the footprint of his hooves and their points of contact with floors and express their respect by natural movements, when lie down, get up, eat and exercise. The five met manufactured prototypes expected in each of the four test runs expectations. With litter average 12 piglets, the average mortality rate in the twenty test scores is 5.3% after 3 days and 4.8% after 15 days old piglets. Swine farmers made following recommendations to help reduce the mortality rate. 1 show the economic benefits involved stress reduction in the sow. 2. Attend the timely and individual to each sow in childbirth. 3. Promote environmental enrichment variables that must be implemented in the Farrowing crate. 4. Provide the necessary room temperature for piglets and sows

Potential use of water saved with technification of gravity irrigation in non-agricultural sectors

Objective: Conceptually analyze the potential use of water that the technification of gravity irrigation allows to save and generate alternatives of use according to the extrapolation of volumes, both in the same agricultural sector, or outside it. Design/methodology/approach: The Technified Gravity Irrigation Program (RIGRAT) will be evaluated. By measuring the volumes of irrigation used in the Irrigation Districts (DR) 075 Rio Fuerte, 076 Valle del Carrizo and 063 Guasave, Sinaloa, during the 2015-2018 agricultural cycles. The measured and statistical data are integrated for the analysis of volumes saved by the program and its national statistical projection. Results: In 6,114.5 ha under technification of the RIGRAT program in DR 075, the volume saved was 2,401.02 thousand m3 (2.4 hm3). The volume of water saved on that surface represents 10% of the water used by the industrial sector of Sinaloa. It is inferred that the modernization of the DR075 Rio Fuerte in the planted area of 289,780 ha, would imply a saving of 40% of the water that can be used in urban areas of Sinaloa. In the same agricultural sector, it would be possible to save a volume of 187 thousand m3, which means 6.4% of the water used by the irrigation district at plot level. Limitations on study/implications: Current regulations do not allow the transfer of water volume in its different uses, with the aim of optimizing the value of water. Findings/conclusions: With actions implemented in the RIGRAT program, it represents that achieving water savings at the farm level would have a great impact, since agriculture is the main consumer of water and there could be volumes saved to be used in other sectors.  Objective: To analyze conceptually the potential use of water that the technification of gravity irrigation allows in saving and generating alternatives of use according to the extrapolation of volumes, both in the agricultural sector or outside of it. Design/methodology/approach: The Modernized Gravity Irrigation Program (RIGRAT) will be evaluated, by measuring the volumes of irrigation used in the Irrigation Districts (ID) 075 Río Fuerte, 076 Valle del Carrizo, and 063 Guasave, Sinaloa, during the 2015-2018 agricultural cycles. The measured and statistical data are integrated for the analysis of volumes saved by the program and its national statistical projection. Results: The volume saved in the ID 075 was 2,401.02 thousand m3 (2.4 hm3) in 6,114.5 ha under technification of the RIGRAT program. The volume of water saved on that surface represents 10% of the water used by the industrial sector of Sinaloa. It is inferred that the modernization of the ID 075 Río Fuerte in the planted area of 289,780 ha, would imply a saving of 40% of the water that can be used in urban areas of Sinaloa. In the same agricultural sector, it would be possible to save a volume of 187 thousand m3, which represents 6.4% of the water used by the irrigation district at plot level. Limitations on study/implications: Current regulations do not allow the transfer of water volume in its different uses, with the aim of optimizing the value of water. Findings/conclusions: With actions implemented in the RIGRAT program, water saving is achieved at the farm level and there would be a great impact, since agriculture is the main consumer of water and there could be volumes saved to be used in other sectors

La eficiencia en el uso del agua en la agricultura controlada

Muchas regiones del mundo han alcanzado el límite de aprovechamiento del agua, lo que las ha llevado a sobreexplotar los recursos hidráulicos superficiales y subterráneos, creando un impacto negativo en el ambiente. En los países en los que se depende del agua subterránea para el riego, como es el caso de México, el exceso de extracción está provocando que los niveles freáticos de agua dulce estén descendiendo a un ritmo muy alarmante. Aunado a lo anterior, el 77% del agua concesionada en México es utilizada en la agricultura; por tal razón, es urgente incrementar la eficiencia en el uso del agua en este sector. Este trabajo representa una breve revisión sobre las técnicas modernas de producción para incrementar la eficiencia del uso del agua, tales como el control ambiental en los invernaderos, sistemas hidropónicos de circuito semicerrado y cerrado, y los invernaderos semicerrados

Investigación en matemáticas, economía y ciencias sociales

El resultado de este libro que reune inquietudes académicas en torno a temas tan estudiados como los que están alrededor del maíz, del frijol o del café; y tan contemporáneos como las aplicaciones concretas de las ciencias ya citadas, al estudio de la adopción del comercio electrónico en empresas del sector agroindustrial o, el caso de la generación de biogas o energía eléctrica por medio de biodigestores. Al editar este texto e incorporarlo a la bibliografía de los temas de referencia, se enriquecen opciones de consulta para los estudiosos de esos temas en general; pero también para interesados en aspectos tan específicos como la cadena de suministro del mercado hortofrutícola en Texcoco

A theoretical study of gas flow in porous media with a spherical source

Gas flow behavior from a spherical source is explored by using linear and nonlinear models, not only in terms of pressure but also in terms of flux. The approach considers dimensionless parameters scaling both radius and time. Specific observations are made for large, moderate, and small time conditions. At large time, the nonlinear model becomes a linear ordinary differential equation with pressure solution independent of the material. However, for moderate and small scaled times this is not the case. The nonlinear model must be solved by using either linear approximations, semi-analytical, or numerical procedures. This model is nonlinear in the primary variable (pressure). However, appropriate mathematical manipulations allow one to change the nonlinearity into a single coefficient, depending on pressure. Focusing on the effects of this coefficient, the nonlinear solution can be confined between two linear solutions obtained by using atmospheric and boundary pressures. Appendix A is an exploration of the errors arising between the nonlinear solution and these two solutions. In Appendix B, a nonlinear model is used to find solutions for large, moderate, and small times. For large time, the case corresponds to the steady state case, and coincides with the solution presented in Appendix A. For moderate and small times the quasi-analytical approximation and the asymptotic solutions of linear and quadratic normalizations of pressure are presented. In Appendix C, simulations of gas flows in linear and nonlinear situations are made. The problem is to determine the change of air pressure in a tank when it is connected to a spherical cavity embedded in a porous medium. These changes in pressure occur when the air moves through the porous media, either for gas extraction or air injection. Both linear and nonlinear analyses require calculations of the pressure and the mass in the tank when the initial and boundary conditions change with time. For each case, gas extraction or air injection, the differences between the linear and the nonlinear models are examined to determine the suitability of the linear model

Methodology for estimation of integrated evapotranspiration and canal capacity in an irrigation zone

La capacidad de la red de canales en un sistema de riego depende de satisfacer la demanda hídrica máxima de los cultivos. Los métodos para determinar la capacidad del canal requieren de la estimación de la variable agronómica: evapotranspiración de los cultivos. En grandes áreas de riego, con un padrón diversificado de cultivos, diferentes fechas de siembra y varios ciclos agrícolas no existe un procedimiento integrado para estimar esta variable agronómica, lo cual genera incertidumbre al ser requerida en los métodos. En este trabajo se desarrolla una propuesta para estimar dicha variable para grandes zonas de riego. La propuesta inicia con el cálculo de la evapotranspiración de los cultivos por fecha de siembra, y termina con la obtención de una curva general integral para un año agrícola, encontrándose la variable evapotranspiración de una zona de riego (ETzr). Esta metodología se aplicó para el canal principal del módulo de riego Santa Rosa, Distrito de Riego 075, Sinaloa, México en que la ETzr resultó de 4,1 mm d-1. Por los resultados se concluye la veracidad de la propuesta en determinar la evapotranspiración para el cálculo en la capacidad del canal.Capacity of irrigation networks needs to satisfy peak crop water demands. The methods to size canal capacity require the estimation of an agronomic variable: crop evapotranspiration. There is not an integrated procedure to estimate crop evapotranspiration for large irrigation zones with a diversified crop pattern, different planting dates, and several crop seasons. Not having this procedure generates uncertainty in methods for canal capacity estimations. This paper presents a methodological proposal to estimate the ET variable for large irrigation zones. The procedure starts with calculating the ET for each planting date per crop and season. Next, it integrates a general ET curve for the water year that finds the evapotranspiration for the irrigation zone (ETzr). The methodology was applied to size the main canal that supplies the “Santa Rosa" Water Irrigation Association in the 075 Irrigation District located in the state of Sinaloa, Mexico. A value of 4.1 mm d-1 was estimated for ETzr. The results indicate the proposed method’s accuracy to estimate the ET variable to size irrigation canals.Fil: Íñiguez-Covarrubias, Mauro. Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua (Morelos, México).Fil: Ojeda-Bustamante, Waldo. Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua (Morelos, México).Fil: Rojano-Aguilar, Abraham. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (México

Simulación del movimiento del aire en un invernadero tipo venlo

Se han realizado aproximaciones teóricas para estudiar la ventilación en invernaderos como los modelos mecanicistas, que se basan en el balance de energía, pero sólo proveen información acerca de la tasa de ventilación global sin ofrecer detalles de la distribución espacial de las líneas de corriente de aire. En años recientes se ha observado que los modelos matemáticos basados en las ecuaciones completas de Navier-Stokes representan adecuadamente la ventilación en invernaderos y ofrecen información detallada de la distribución espacial de la masa de aire; sin embargo, resulta muy costosa la adquisición de los permisos de uso de los paquetes de cómputo comerciales por lo que es necesario investigar sobre modelos simplificados con el fin de reducir los costos de los estudios. En este trabajo se simuló la circulación de aire en un invernadero tipo Venlo en diferentes condiciones de ventilación, mediante dos modelos: uno de ellos considera las ecuaciones completas de Navier-Stokes, y el otro resuelve un modelo simplificado de Navier-Stokes en el que no se considera la aceleración convectiva en la ecuación de cantidad de movimiento. Para el estudio del modelo completo se usó el programa comercial FLUENT versión 11.0 (ANSYS Inc, 2013) y el modelo simplificado se resolvió numéricamente en MATLAB. Ambos métodos arrojan tasas de ventilación globales similares, pero la circulación de la masa de aire es diferente en algunos escenarios de ventilación. El método simplificado resultó más económico en dinero y tiempo, debido a que su solución numérica se puede implementar con mayor facilidad en algún lenguaje de programación de medio y alto nivel, y porque los tiempos de cómputo se reducen sustancialmente. Para tener mayor detalle de las zonas de recirculación de la masa de aire en el interior de los invernaderos se debe considerar el modelo completo de Navier-Stokes