Problematika Poligami dalam Lintas Sejarah dan Agama

This paper aims to determine the phenomenon and problems of polygamy throughout history and the views of several religions on polygamy. This article was written using a descriptive-analytical method. The result is that almost all nations in the world, from time immemorial, have been familiar with polygamy. For example, since time immemorial, polygamy has been known by Hindus, Israelis, Persians, Roman Arabs, Babylonians, Tunisians, and others. Polygamy also extends to the Hebrews and Sicilians, who later gave birth to most of the Russians, Lithuanians, Poles, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia, as well as part of the population of Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and England. Polygamy exists in every human civilization. Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism do allow polygamy, although, in essence, the principle of marriage taught in these religions is monogamy. Meanwhile, modern Church Law forbids its followers from polygamy. The Qobty Orthodox Church, the Roman Orthodox Church, and the Syriac Orthodox Church do not allow a husband or wife to have a second marriage as long as the first marriage is still ongoing or has not been cancelled. So, a marriage that is recognized as legal is the marriage of a man to a woman, and polygamy is not allowed.   Abstrak:  Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui fenomena dan problematikan poligami sepanjang sejarah dan pandangan beberapa agama tentang poligami. Artikel ini ditulis dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif analitis. Hasilnya adalah hampir seluruh bangsa di dunia, sejak zaman dahulu kala tidak asing dengan poligami. Misalnya, sejak dahulu kala poligami telah dikenal oleh orang-orang Hindu, bangsa Israel, Persia, Arab Romawi, Babilonia, Tunisia, dan lain-lain. Poligami juga meluas pada bangsa Ibrani dan Sicilia yang kemudian melahirkan sebagian besar bangsa Rusia, Lithuania, Polandia, Cekoslowakia, dan Yugoslavia, serta sebagian penduduk Jerman, Swiss, Belanda, Denmark, Swedia, Norwegia, dan Inggris. Poligami ada dalam setiap peradaban manusia. Dalam agama Islam, Nasrani, Hindu, Budha, maupun Yahudi memang memperbolehkan adanya poligami, meskipun pada hakikatnya asas pernikahan yang diajarkan dalam agama-agama tersebut adalah monogami. Sedangkan Undang-undang Gereja modern mengharamkan pengikutnya berpoligami. Gereja Qobty Ortodoks, Gereja Roma Ortodoks, dan Gereja Suryani Ortodoks tidak membolehkan seorang suami atau istri melakukan pernikahan kedua, selama pernikahan pertama masih berlangsung atau belum dibatalkan. Jadi, pernikahan yang diakui sah adalah pernikahan seorang laki-laki dengan seorang perempuan, dan poligami tidak diperbolehkan

Pasal Penghinaan Presiden dalam Bingkai Negara Demokrasi

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan tentang konsep negara demokrasi, problematika pasal penghinaan Presiden dan pasal penghinaan Presiden dalam bingkai negara demokrasi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Hasil penelitian ini menyebutkan bahwa pasal penghinaan presiden telah menjadi sumber perdebatan di banyak negara. Bagi pihak yang sepakat dengan adanya pasal ini beranggapan bahwa pasal ini dapat memastikan bahwa kepala negara atau penguasa negara dihormati dan tidak dihina oleh masyarakat; dapat membantu melindungi integritas dan reputasi negara serta pemerintah; serta dapat mendorong masyarakat untuk mengekspresikan pendapat dengan cara yang lebih sopan dan bertanggung jawab. Pihak yang tidak menyetujui adanya pasal penghinaan presiden beranggapan bahwa pasal ini dapat digunakan untuk membungkam kebebasan bersuara dan berekspresi masyarakat; dapat dipolitisasi dan digunakan sebagai alat untuk menekan lawan politik; serta kurang sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip demokrasi dan kebebasan berekspresi yang melindungi hak masyarakat untuk menyatakan pendapat secara bebas. Sebagai negara demokrasi, Indonesia perlu memastikan bahwa penerapan Pasal Penghinaan Presiden tidak melanggar hak asasi manusia dan kebebasan berbicara, serta tetap menjunjung tinggi prinsip keadilan dan transparansi dalam hukum. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya pengawasan dan kontrol yang ketat dalam penerapan Pasal Penghinaan Presiden untuk memastikan bahwa tidak ada penyalahgunaan dan penyalahartian pasal tersebut

Mekanisme Pemakzulan Presiden Sebelum Dan Sesudah Terbentuknya Mahkamah Konstitusi Di Indonesia

Indonesia is a republic in which the presence of a president is very crucial. From nomination until he takes office, a President must have characteristics and actions that reflect the contents of the law. If a President during his tenure is proven to have violated the provisions of the law, then the President can be impeached in various ways that have been regulated in the law. In the history of the Indonesian state administration, there have been impeachment of the President which was carried out without proof through the Constitutional Court. Because at that time the Constitutional Court had not yet been formed. Impeachment carried out on the basis of political judgment alone. In contrast, after the Constitutional Court was formed, the indictment against the President must first be proven in the Constitutional Court. This research is normative legal research, using a statute approach and a historical approach. The research sources come from primary legal materials consisting of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and Law no. 24 of 2003 concerning the Constitutional Court. Secondary legal materials consist of books, journals, articles related to the research theme. The results showed that there were differences in the ratio legis used in impeaching the President before and after the establishment of the Constitutional Court. Before the Constitutional Court was formed, the legislative ratio used was based on Article 4 of the Decree of the MPR RI No. III/MPR/1978. Meanwhile, after the Constitutional Court was formed, the ratio legis used was Article 7A of the 1945 Constitution. The mechanism for impeachment was different between before and after the Constitutional Court was formed. Impeachment before the Constitutional Court was formed was based solely on political judgments. However, after the Constitutional Court was formed, impeachment was not only based on political judgment factors, but had to be judicially tested by the Constitutional Court

Peran Wanita Untuk Mewujudkan Keluarga Sakinah Dalam Pemikiran Islam Klasik Dan Kontemporer

Abstract : This research under tittle “The Existence of Women to Realize the Sakinah Family in Classical and Contemporary Scholars Thought” is a type of library research using a qualitative approach and a comparative descriptive method. The data sources of this research consist of primary sources from the books of Uqudullijain, Fathul Mu'in, Fathul Qorib, Al-Majmu' Syarah Al-Muhadzdzab, Bidayatul Mujtahid, Qur'an According to Women, The Rights of Women in Islam, Major Themes of Qur'an, Woman and Islam, and Feminism and Women Empowerment in Islamic Scales. The secondary sources in this study are other books that examine women and the sakinah family. The results of this study explain that women in their lives have roles, among others, as a wife, mother, and career woman. In classical Islamic thought, a woman is like a queen in her husband's house. The husband is obliged to meet all the needs of his wife, even in terms of preparing food, washing clothes, and all other aspects of household tasks. Meanwhile, a wife has an obligation to serve her husband's sexual needs, be obedient and obedient to her husband, accompany her husband, and manage all household matters. Women are only described as having a domestic role within the scope of their household. Meanwhile, according to contemporary Islamic thought, men and women have the same values ​​and positions. So it has a logical consequence that women are able to take part in the public sector like a man. Women who only take part in the domestic sector or carry out multiple roles at the same time still have a great opportunity to create a sakinah family. This can be done by straightening the intention and basing everything on Allah SWT; understand your partner well; understand each other's roles and duties; foster affection among family members; maintain communication, open and familiarize deliberation; be fair; and always increase patience and gratitude. Abstrak : Penelitian dengan judul “Eksistensi Wanita Untuk Mewujudkan Keluarga Sakinah Dalam Pandangan Ulama Klasik dan Kontemporer” ini merupakan jenis riset kepustakaan (library research) dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif metode deskriptif komparatif. Sumber data penelitian ini terdiri dari sumber primer yang berasal dari kitab Uqudullijain, Fathul Mu’in, Fathul Qorib, Al-Majmu’ Syarah Al-Muhadzdzab, Bidayatul Mujtahid, Qur'an Menurut Perempuan, The Rights of Women in Islam, Major Themes of Qur’an, Woman and Islam, dan  Feminisme dan Pemberdayaan Perempuan Dalam Timbangan Islam. Adapun sumber sekunder pada penelitian ini adalah buku-buku lain yang mengkaji tentang wanita dan keluarga sakinah. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa wanita dalam kehidupannya memiliki peran antara lain sebagai seorang istri, ibu, dan wanita karier. Dalam pandangan ulama klasik, wanita bagaikan seorang ratu di rumah suaminya. Suami wajib mencukupi segala macam kebutuhan istrinya, bahkan dalam hal menyiapkan makanan, mencuci pakaian, dan segala aspek tugas rumah tangga yang lainnya. Sedangkan seorang istri memiliki kewajiban untuk melayani kebutuhan seksual suaminya, taat dan patuh pada suaminya, mendampingi suami, serta mengatur segala urusan rumah tangga. Wanita hanya digambarkan memiliki peran domestik dalam lingkup rumah tangganya saja. Sedangkan menurut pandangan ulama kontemporer, laki-laki maupun wanita memiliki nilai dan kedudukan yang sama. Sehingga hal tersebut memiliki konsekuensi logis bahwa wanita pun mampu berkiprah di sektor publik selayaknya seorang laki-laki. Wanita yang hanya berkiprah di sektor domestik ataupun menjalani peran ganda sekaligus tetap memiliki kesempatan yang besar untuk mewujudkan keluarga sakinah. Hal ini bisa dilakukan dengan cara meluruskan niat dan melandaskan segala hal pada Allah Swt; memahami pasangan dengan baik; memahami peran dan tugas masing-masing; menumbuhkan kasih sayang antar anggota keluarga; menjaga komunikasi, terbuka dan membiasakan musyawarah; bersikap adil; serta selalu memperbanyak sabar dan syukur

Pandangan Quraish Shihab dan Faqihuddin Abdul Kodir tentang Hukum Nusyuz

Abstract: This article discusses the views of Quraish Shihab and Faqihuddin Abdul Kodir on nusyuz law. This research uses literature research methods. Research data is collected through literature collection and then analyzed by comparative techniques. The study results concluded that according to Quraish Shihab, the concept of Nusyuz is defiance and disobedience to the rights of Allah and the rights of the husband. While the concept of Nusyuz in the view of Faqihuddin Abdul Kodir is, Nusyuz is the opposite of obedience. That is, all negative actions in husband and wife relationships weaken the pair bond between husband and wife so that they become far from the conditions of sakinah, mawaddah, and rahmah. Either done by the wife to the husband or done by the husband to the wife. Keywords: Nushuz, Islamic law, husband, wife. Abstrak: Artikel ini membahas pandangan Quraish Shihab dan Faqihuddin Abdul Kodir mengenai hukum nusyuz. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan. Data dikumpulkan melalui pengumpulan bahan pustaka dan kemudian dianalisis dengan teknik perbandingan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam pandangan Quraish Shihab, konsep nusyuz merujuk pada tindakan pembangkangan dan ketidakpatuhan terhadap hak-hak Allah dan hak-hak suami. Di sisi lain, dalam pandangan Faqihuddin Abdul Kodir, konsep nusyuz didefinisikan sebagai tindakan negatif dalam hubungan suami-istri yang merusak ikatan antara keduanya, sehingga menjauhkan mereka dari keadaan sakinah, mawaddah, dan rahmah. Hal ini bisa terjadi baik dari pihak istri terhadap suami maupun sebaliknya, yaitu suami terhadap istri. Kata Kunci: Nusyuz, Hukum Islam, Suami, Istri

Analisis metode hisab awal waktu salat dalam kitab Anfa’ Al-Wasîlah, Irsyâd Al-Murîd dan Ṡamarât Al-Fikar karya Ahmad Ghozali

Anfa’ al-Wasîlah, Irsyâd al-Murîd, dan Ṡamarât al-Fikar merupakan karya monumental Ahmad Ghozali di bidang ilmu falak yang menguraikan tentang hisab awal waktu salat. Metode hisab yang dipakai dalam kitab-kitab ini bisa digolongkan ke dalam hisab modern atau kontemporer. Meskipun ketiga kitab ini menguraikan tentang metode hisab awal waktu salat, namun masing-masing kitab ini memiliki ciri khas yang berbeda. Perbedaan ini terletak pada data-data yang digunakan, metode hisab waktu salat, metode perhitungan untuk mendapatkan nilai deklinasi dan equation of time, hingga hasil akhir yang diperoleh. Berdasarkan hal di atas, penulis akan menganalisis metode dalam ketiga kitab tersebut dengan mengangkat pertanyaan : Bagaimana metode hisab awal waktu salat dalam kitab Anfa’ al-Wasîlah, Irsyâd al-Murîd, dan Ṡamarât al-Fikar?. Bagaimana keakuratan metode hisab awal waktu salat dalam kitab Anfa’ al-Wasîlah, Irsyâd al-Murîd, dan Ṡamarât al-Fikar? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut, dibutuhkan metode penelitian yang bersifat kepustakaan (Library Research), dimana data primernya adalah hasil wawancara terhadap Ahmad Ghozali dan data-data dari kitab Anfa’ al-Wasîlah, Irsyâd al-Murîd, dan Ṡamarât al-Fikar. Data sekundernya adalah dokumen, kitab-kitab fikih, makalah, kamus dan buku yang berkaitan dengan penelitian ini. Data-data tersebut dianalisis dengan metode content analysis yang dilanjutkan dengan pendekatan analisis komparatif. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa Ahmad Ghozali memiliki tiga metode penentuan awal waktu salat yang berbeda-beda dari segi data yang digunakan, metode hisab waktu salat, perhitungan nilai deklinasi dan equation of time, dan hasil akhir yang didapatkan. Keakuratan metode hisab awal waktu salat dalam kitab Anfa’ al-Wasîlah, Irsyâd al- Murîd, dan Ṡamarâh al-Fikar dibandingkan dengan Ephemeris memiliki hasil yang berbeda-beda. Hasil hisab awal waktu salat kitab Anfa’ al-Wasîlah memiliki selisih 0j 0m 9.33d - 0j 0m 50.67d, Irsyâd al-Murîd memiliki selisih 0j 0m 11.82d - 0j 1m 19.34d dan Ṡamarâh al-Fikar memiliki selisih 0j 0m 24d - 0j 1m 48d. Selisih tersebut sama dengan 0o 15’ - 0o 30’ busur, tidak mencapai 1o. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa metode hisab awal waktu salat dalam kitab Anfa’ al-Wasîlah, Irsyâd al-Murîd, dan Ṡamarâh al-Fikar sudah akurat dan dapat digunakan oleh masyarakat untuk acuan beribadah

The Problem of Violating The Law on Information and Electronic Transactions in Democracy Country

Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions as amended by Law Number 19 of 2016 (ITE Law) is a law that regulates all matters concerning information technology applicable in Indonesia. As a democratic country, Indonesia upholds and respects freedom. In reality, the ITE Law creates many problems in the midst of society, because it is often used as a tool to limit freedom of speech and opinion. The results of this study indicate that the presence and implementation of the ITE Law which is considered to silence freedom of opinion and expression which is one of the pillars of democracy for social media users, is actually not all true. The existence of the ITE Law actually presses all parties to be more careful in their attitudes and expressions on social media. So that the negative impact or violation of the rights of freedom of others and other violations in the cyber world can be avoided. Then the freedom of opinion and expression can run well.

Parliamentary Systems in Continental European Countries and its Relationship to the Effectiveness of Legislative Institutions

Every country has a unique style regarding the parliamentary system they follow. This parliamentary system may experience changes or developments that differ from the initial concept. It is expected because each country has other political, cultural, social, and economic conditions. It is normative legal research with a historical and conceptual approach, then conducted in a comparative study. The results of this study found that the French parliamentary system is included in the category of Medium-Strength bicameralism with asymmetrical and incongruent characteristics. The Dutch parliament belongs to medium-strength bicameralism with symmetrical and harmonious features. The Austrian legislature, known as the Bundesrat, does not have the same power as the Nationalrat, so the management of the two chambers of parliament is asymmetrical. Meanwhile, the parliamentary system in Indonesia can be classified as medium-strength bicameralism with asymmetrical and incongruent buildings. The parliamentary system can indirectly affect the effectiveness of the legislature's performance. Sometimes, the system adopted can make parliament an effective and efficient institution or vice versa. A small example is France, which can complete over 50% of proposed legislation in one year. Meanwhile, from 2020-2024, only 17 draft laws were constructed in Indonesia out of 215 registered. This figure is only 7.9% of the total proposed bill. Suppose the parliamentary system adopted has yet to bring parliament into a better, transparent, efficient, and open legislative body. In that case, the system can be re-evaluated by considering the existing ideal parliamentary concept